Communication is... Types, means, meaning, ethics and psychology of communication

The concept of communication in psychology

Experts in this field use different definitions of the term “communication.” This concept is explained as a complex communication process that involves the exchange of information and understanding of one person by another. It is also considered a process of establishing relationships and a manifestation of the life of an entire society. Each of the existing definitions has a right to exist. The main functions of communication in psychology: communicative, cognitive, psychological, informative and creative.

Communication functions

Depending on the point of view from which the communication process is viewed, several functions can be distinguished. According to V. Panferov, there are six of them:

1. Communicative – determines the relationship between people at the level of interpersonal, group or public interaction.
2. Information – transfer, exchange of information.
3. Cognitive – understanding information based on imagination and fantasy.
4. Emotive – a manifestation of an emotional connection.
5. Conative – correction of mutual positions.
6. Creative – the formation of new relationships between people, that is, their development.

According to other sources, the communication process performs only four functions:

1. Instrumental. The communication process is a social mechanism for transmitting information that is necessary to perform the necessary actions.
2. Syndicate. The process of communication brings people together.
3. Self-expression. Communication helps improve mutual understanding in a psychological context.
4. Broadcasting. Transfer of assessments and forms of activity.

Types of communication in psychology

Experts identify several forms that differ in several ways. A classification is used based on the organizational aspect, so they distinguish: individual and group conversations, telephone communication, meetings, negotiations, meetings and others. The types and forms of communication in psychology depend on the task of contact and on the connection between people.

1. Primitive
   . It makes it possible to understand whether it is worth continuing the dialogue or whether it is better to ignore the opponent.
2. Formal-role
   . Social status is taken into account and the conversation is result-oriented.
3. Business
   . It is necessary to make connections to solve problems effectively.
4. Manipulative
   . They use it to get what they want at the expense of another person.
5. Secular
   . The psychology of communication is based on certain frameworks and limited goals.
6. Spiritual
   . There is a desire to learn more personal information about a person. This is the closest type of conversational interaction in psychology.

Communication means

Naturally, the main means of communication is language - a special system of signs. Signs are material objects. They contain a certain content, which acts as their meaning. People learn to speak by learning these meanings of signs. This is the language of communication. All signs can be divided into two large groups: intentional (specially created to convey information), non-intentional (give out information unintentionally). Typically, non-intentional include emotions, accent, facial expressions and gestures that speak about the person himself.

Communication lessons often focus on the fact that you need to learn to get to know another person. To do this, they use the mechanisms of identification, empathy and reflection. The easiest way to understand your interlocutor is identification, that is, likening yourself to him. During communication, people often use this technique.

Empathy is the ability to understand the emotional state of another. But very often the process of understanding is complicated by reflection - knowledge of how the opponent understands the communicator, that is, a kind of mirror relationship between people.

Also, in the process of transmitting information, it is important to influence the recipient. The main types of influence include the following communication styles:

1. Contagion is the unconscious transfer of one’s emotional state to another.
2. Suggestion is a directed influence on an individual in order to accept a different point of view.
3. Persuasion - unlike suggestion, this influence is supported by weighty arguments.
4. Imitation – the communicator reproduces the behavioral traits of the recipient, most often copying his posture and gestures. On a subconscious level, this behavior creates a trusting relationship.

Psychology of communication with men

Many misunderstandings between different genders are due to miscommunication. This is due to different types of thinking and other characteristics that distinguish men and women. For men, it is important to grasp the essence of the information they receive during communication, which allows them to take action and realize their plans. Ladies place more emphasis on reasoning based on possibilities, feelings, etc. The psychology of communication between a man and a woman is based on some features that should be taken into account to establish contact.

1. For representatives of the stronger sex, it is important to get some kind of decision or draw a conclusion; for them there is practically no such thing as “talking it out.”
2. It is common for a man to discuss one topic in a specific conversation, while ladies can jump to different issues at great speed.
3. To establish contact, you need to look your interlocutor in the eyes.
4. For a man, the essence is important, so they do not notice any subtexts.

Ethics of communication

The communication process in different circles is structured differently. In an informal setting, people communicate the way they want, without thinking too much about the purity and literacy of speech. For example, during communication between peers, jargon may be heard that only they understand.

In some circles, communication is governed by a set of norms and rules called communication ethics. This is the moral, ethical and ethical side of communication, which includes the art of conversation when special techniques are used in the communication process. Simply put, it is a set of rules that will help you perform at your best in the right environment, explaining what you can and cannot do.

Ethics is directly related to the concept of communication culture. A cultural conversation allows you to show your education, lack of bias, and good manners. Particular attention in this matter is paid to speech culture and listening skills. Thanks to cultural communication, you can immediately identify a highly developed person. After all, with someone who has a meager vocabulary and every sentence contains several filler words, everything is clear.

Psychology of business communication

Success in business is impossible without the ability to establish contacts with different people. A correctly structured dialogue that takes into account the rules of etiquette, the individuality of the interlocutor and the details of a specific situation indicates that the person is an experienced negotiator. The psychology of effective communication in business takes into account several characteristic features.

1. Information savvy about the interlocutor
   . It is important to know about your partner his tastes, mentality, temperament and other characteristics.
2. Ethics
   . The psychology of communication should be based on sincerity and goodwill. Before making a decision, it is necessary to weigh the expected benefits and harms.
3. Communication culture
   . It is important not only to express your thoughts correctly, but to control the logic of your interlocutor.
4. The ability to position your interlocutor
   . There are various techniques that unobtrusively help to arouse sympathy from your opponent. For example, using a friendly tone or appropriate compliments.

Mindfulness and other methods

The most important quality that a person must develop in himself to successfully conduct a dialogue is the ability to listen. Only by learning to listen and delve into the problems of other people can you make any situation mutually beneficial. The results of the efforts made will improve significantly if the individual learns to reconcile his desires with the needs of others.

In communication, both parties have a very complex influence on each other, so it is often necessary to resort to methods of persuasion, suggestion and coercion. The most rational and loyal way to convince a person that you are right is to present weighty arguments and, based on them, provide logical conclusions, and based on the information received, the interlocutor can make an independent decision. As practice shows, this approach brings quite expected results. Only in rare cases does a person remain unconvinced.

During the process of suggestion, the interlocutor takes information on faith, and how effective this is is determined by the time and quality of the information. Having believed in yet another fable, a person will simply become disappointed in people and will never change his point of view again, even if important things depend on it.

The most ineffective method is considered to be coercion, which forces a person to act contrary to his desires. Ultimately, the interlocutor will still act in his own way, changing his decision at the last moment.

Even though a person takes part in the communication process every day, he will still encounter problems. One psychologist once suggested that if you transplant the entire nervous system from one person to another, then each of them will recognize the world around them by about 30%. Each of us looks at the world in our own way and has our own value system. Therefore, very often in a conversation, the same words can cause disagreements, since people perceive them “from their own bell tower,” which leads to conflicts. Therefore, you need to learn to look at the world through the eyes of your interlocutor, then in any conversation it will be possible to achieve mutual understanding.

Psychology of communication at work

A person spends a lot of time at work, so a favorable climate in the team is important. Relationships between employees are influenced by many factors: gender, age, level of education and moral principles. Research has shown that the psychology of communication in a team in which there are both men and women is the most stable. It is important that all team members share corporate principles. Business ethics includes the following principles: literacy, punctuality, consideration for other people, confidentiality and courtesy.

Psychology of communication with bosses

Many people face problems at work due to their inability to communicate with their boss. Fear of facing aggression and other problems causes many problems. Psychology considers communication with superiors as a special area where it is important to take into account certain features and principles of behavior. When talking with your manager, you need to behave confidently and express your thoughts clearly. An important principle is to clearly state your thoughts and speak factually. You should not lose heart if you receive a refusal from your superiors, since this is often how strength of character is tested.

Psychology of communication with subordinates

Not many people can boast of excellent speaking abilities by nature, but this does not matter, since they can be developed. This is very important for people in leadership positions. The atmosphere in the team and the productivity of work will depend on the quality of management. The psychology of communication between a boss and a subordinate is based on several important principles.

1. The mistakes of employees should not be overlooked, as this will lead to irresponsibility. The remark should be made in a calm tone and to the point.
2. It is necessary to criticize the work done, not the personality of the employee.
3. Self-control is of great importance, so it is important to learn to control yourself.
4. We must not forget about praise and well-deserved reward, as this is an incentive not to stop.
5. It is important to always stand up for your subordinates and try to improve their working conditions.

Interactive and perceptual side of communication

When entering into the communication process, it is important to understand what position those present occupy relative to each other. Psychologist E. Berne said that when making contact, a person is in one of the basic states: child, parent or adult. The state of a “child” is determined by such qualities as increased emotionality, playfulness, mobility, that is, the whole range of attitudes developed since childhood is manifested. The “adult” pays attention to present reality, so he listens carefully to his partner. “Parents” are usually critical, condescending and arrogant; this is a special state of the EGO that nothing can be done about. Therefore, the choice of communication method and its success depend on who is taking part in the conversation and how much their EGO matches each other.

The perceptual side of the issue makes us think about the process of perceiving each other and establishing mutual understanding. It’s not for nothing that people say that “you meet people by their clothes.” Studies have shown that people tend to perceive an attractive person as more intelligent, interesting and resourceful, while an unkempt person is usually underestimated. Such an error in the perception of the interlocutor is called the attractiveness factor. Depending on who the communicator finds attractive, his communication style is formed.

Psychological studies have shown that not only appearance, but also gestures and facial expressions carry information about a person’s emotional state and his attitude to what is happening. To understand your opponent in communication, you need not only knowledge and experience in conducting a conversation, but also a psychological focus on your opponent. Simply put, the culture of communication must contain such a concept as empathy - the ability to put oneself in the place of another and look at the situation from his point of view.

Manipulation in communication - psychology

To achieve their goals, many people use methods of psychological influence on others. The most common type is manipulation, which allows you to control the behavior and feelings of your interlocutor. It is conscious when a person understands the essence of the influence, counting on a certain result, and unconscious. Psychology considers manipulation in communication as one of the frequently used methods of influence. The influence factors chosen are: love, fear, self-doubt, guilt, pity and pride.

To attract attention

In the process of communication, people often encounter communication barriers. It is important for each individual to be listened to and heard, so it is imperative to hold the attention of recipients. The first thing a person encounters in the process of communication is the problem of attracting attention. You can solve it using the following communication techniques:

• "Neutral phrase." A person can utter a phrase that is in no way related to the main topic of the conversation, but is valuable to those present.
• "Enterment." The speaker should pronounce the phrase very quietly and incomprehensibly, this will force others to listen to his words.
• "Eye contact". If you look closely at a person, his attention will be completely focused. When a person avoids looking, he makes it clear that he does not want to make contact.

Barriers to communication can be presented in the form of noise, lighting, or the recipient’s desire to quickly engage in conversation, so you need to learn to “isolate” your interlocutor from these factors.

Psychology of communication on the Internet

The World Wide Web has allowed people located in different parts of the world to communicate. The danger of such interaction is that a person can often communicate with a dummy, and another disadvantage is that real relationships are often replaced by virtual ones. There are psychological characteristics of communication on the Internet that have developed over time.

1. Anonymity
   . There are no mental barriers that in real life often hold people back from communicating.
2. Voluntariness
   . Each person decides for himself who to talk to and who not to.
3. Information content
   . You can find out a lot of information about your interlocutor online, but it can only be confirmed after a personal meeting.

In the psychology of communication on the Internet, three main types of dialogue are used. The business type is chosen to convey work information and resolve various issues. Many companies do business via the Internet. Informal communication is more often used on social networks, dating sites and other similar resources. The next type is gaming communication, used for interaction during games and group correspondence.

PSYCHOLOGY
Lecture notes

Compiled by: senior teacher of the Department of Psychology Tavakalova E.Yu. Topic 1 The concept of communication psychology.

B.D. Parygin - Communication is a complex and multifaceted process that can act, at the same time, as a process of interaction between individuals and as an information process, and as the attitude of people to each other, and as a process of their mutual influence on each other, and as a process of empathy and mutual understanding of each other.

Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becoming Conscious and mediated by speech. The following aspects are distinguished in communication: content, goal, means. Content

- this is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in interpersonal contact.

(information about the motivational or emotional state of a living being).
The purpose of communication
is what a person does for this type of activity (transfer and obtain knowledge about the world, training and education, coordination of actions in joint activities, clarification of personal and business relationships).
Means of communication
are methods of encoding, transmitting, processing and decoding information transmitted in the process of communication.

Topic 2 Types of communication

1.By content

• Material (exchange of objects and products of activity)
• Cognitive (knowledge sharing)
• Conditioning (exchange of physical and mental states)
• Motivational (exchange of motivations, goals, interests, motives, needs)
• Activity (exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills)

2. By goals

• Biological
• Social

3. Within your means

• Direct - carried out with the help of natural organs (arms, legs, head, torso...)
• Indirect - associated with the use of special means and tools for organizing communication and exchange of information (natural objects and cultural)
• Indirect - carried out through intermediaries, who can be other people.
• Direct - involves personal contacts and direct perception of each other by communicating people.

4. Business communication -
usually included as a private moment in any joint activity and serves as a means of improving the quality of this activity.
5. Personal communication
- focused around psychological problems of an internal nature.
6. Targeted communication
is communication that itself serves as a means of satisfying a specific need, in this case the need for communication.
Topic 2 The relationship between communication and activity.
In human life, communication does not exist as a separate process or as an independent form of activity. It is included in individual or group practical activities

, which arises with intense and varied
communication.
Life as a whole, on the one hand, is ACTIVITY (what and how the individual does), and on the other hand, COMMUNICATION (with whom and how the individual communicates).
Thus, the Socialization of the individual
or the formation of a social person occurs through a system of human relations, a system of communication, through the education of morality, ethics, principles, spiritual needs that are formed during life, and therefore through activity and communication.

The relationship between communication and activity lies in the fact that, on the one hand, forms of communication and forms of joint activity of people complement and replace each other (people communicate in the process of activity) and, on the other hand, communication is a special type of activity - communicative, since through communication activity is being organized.

Within the framework of this question, we will consider those aspects of human activity in which he acts as a subject of communication.
Communication
, in the narrow sense of the word, is the exchange between two individuals of ideas, ideas, interests, feelings, in the course of joint activities. Information during communication is formed, clarified, developed, which is why a communication message is a process of obtaining new information.

Communication is one of the parties that act as functions and make up the structure of communication

.
In addition to the communicative side, communication has: An interactive side -
the organization of interaction between individuals
Perceptual -
the perception of each other by partners and the establishment of interaction.
Topic 3 Man as a subject of communication.
In the course of joint activities, individuals exchange ideas, ideas, interests, and feelings. Information in the course of communication is formed, clarified, and developed.

, That. a communication message is a process of obtaining new information.

Structurally, communication, as communication, represents the following forms: verbal

and
non-verbal.
In turn, the VERBAL form represents: external and internal communication.
External verbal communication can be oral or written. Oral external verbal communication has a monologue and dialogic form. The monologue form
is lectures, reports, oratory speech.
Dialogical form
is a conversation between people. Types of dialogue –

1. Actual - exchange of verbal statements, solely to maintain dialogue, conversation.
2. Informational – exchange of information of various properties.
3. Discussion – occurs when different points of view collide. Influencing each other through beliefs.
4. Confessional is the most confidential communication, based on mutual trust, on the sharing of common meanings and values ​​of life.

Forms of nonverbal communication.

1. Kinesthetic – reflects emotional reactions through: gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, serving as means of communication.
2. The paralinguistic system of signs is a system of vocalization, pauses in speech, coughing, etc.
3. Proxemic is the spatial and temporal organization of communication.

Topic 4 Origins of mutual understanding between man and man
.
Human communication is not possible without mutual understanding. In turn, mutual understanding
is, on the one hand, the process
of understanding
the motives, goals, attitudes of the interlocutor and, on the other hand,
acceptance,
sharing of goals, attitudes, motives, through intimacy, affection, friendship, love for the individual.

Knowing another person is based on his emotional assessment and on understanding the motives of his actions. When we want to change our behavior, and also the behavior of another, then first of all we need to compare ourselves with the other person. This means being able to accept the needs, motives, and attitudes of another and being aware of how the other accepts my personal motives, goals, and attitudes. It follows from this that it is important to be able to liken yourself to others. This quality depends on the ability to identify
and reflect
.

IDENTIFICATION - becoming like another person (putting yourself in the place of another - understanding)

EMPATHY – emotional understanding of another (to feel)

REFLECTION is the individual’s awareness of how he is perceived by his communication partner. Topic 5 Social and psychological effects

.

In the process of perceiving and understanding a person, attitudes are formed, which in turn form socio-psychological effects.

1. The halo effect occurs at the first impression. The first impression is influenced by:

Clothes
Body Type

Clothes color

Manners

1. The primacy effect - when perceiving a stranger, the information about him that was presented earlier prevails. When perceiving the familiar, newer information turns out to be more significant.
2. The stereotyping effect is a certain stable image of a phenomenon or person that is used in communication as a means of “shortening” the recognition process. Based on: limiting past experience, drawing conclusions based on limited information.

In the process of communication, people are able to influence
each other.

1. Contagion is an unconscious, involuntary exposure of an individual to certain mental states. It is non-verbal in nature (dancing, emotions, etc.) It manifests itself through the effect of multiple mutual reinforcement of the emotional influences of people communicating with each other.
2. Suggestion is a purposeful, unreasoned influence of one person on another or a group. It is verbal in nature. Manifests itself through speech. Impressionable people who do not have firm life positions and principles are susceptible.
3. Imitation is following an example or model by reproducing it. It appears and is established in the process of human mental development.

Topic 6 Implicit theory of personality.
It is generally accepted that a person, based on the external appearance of an individual, judges his possible personality traits, probable actions, and is pre-adjusted to certain forms of behavior with him. This approach to the origins of a person’s understanding of a person in communication is based on the IMPLICIT theory of personality - this is a person’s idea of ​​how character traits, appearance and behavior are interconnected in people. As with every theory, this one has its pros and cons:

PLUS - the socio-psychological role of the phenomenon, the implicit theory of personality contributes to the rapid formation of an image of another person, even in the absence of reliable information about him.

MINUS - if the theory is not correct, this can lead to the construction of an erroneous image of another person, thereby giving rise to an incorrect attitude towards him and provoking the emergence of mutual antipathy. Within the framework of the implicit theory of personality, there are their own forms of perception and understanding:

1. Analytical - each informative element of a person’s appearance (hands, eyes, etc.) is associated with the presence of certain personality traits. That is, the psychological characteristics of a person are judged on the basis of a preliminary decomposition of his appearance into elements (analysis of external appearance), then they are used to judge the individual qualities of his personality.

This type of perception is typical for: artists, doctors.

1. Emotional – personality traits are attributed to a person based on an emotional attitude towards him. Moreover, the personal assessment of what is perceived is determined through the mechanism of the primacy effect. This type of perception is found in children, females, excitable individuals, and some people with an imaginative type of thinking.
2. Perceptual-associative - judgments by analogy are used when perceiving a person. It occurs in older people, in those who have extensive and rich professional and life experience in communication: actors, doctors, teachers, managers.
3. Social-associative - perception and evaluation occurs on the basis of existing social stereotypes, i.e. on the basis of classifying a certain person as a certain social type. This type of perception is typical for politicians, philosophers, and sociologists.

Topic 7 The mechanism of formation of an internal idea of ​​the world.

Our communication with people is built on the basis of internal ideas about the world, human relationships, values, rules, norms of behavior, etc.

What mechanisms help us form an internal understanding of the world. How does this happen?

With the help of the five main senses: sensation, touch, vision, hearing, smell, taste, we receive information about the reality around us.
This information is superimposed on our internal filters of perception: experience, culture, language, beliefs, values, interests, assumptions, experience. Transforming in filters, information and experience received in the outside world form a personal, individual idea of ​​the world, people and the reality around us. In connection with the above, it becomes clear that the difference is not in the world itself, but in the filters through which we perceive it.

Example: artist, lumberjack, botanist - in the forest. Everyone has their own forest.

Another person's world map is different from my world map. It follows from this that it is necessary to learn to understand the interlocutor correctly, and for this it is necessary: ​​to be able to listen and hear the other person. This requires the following conditions to be met:

1. The listener focuses his full attention on the speaker.
2. The listener never uses other people's or preconceived assessments.
3. The listener renounces any preconceptions about the speaker.
4. The listener is absolutely free from any embarrassment and can ask any questions.
5. The listener shows the speaker that he has been heard and the meaning of what was said is understood.

By the age of 11-12, we give preference to a certain way of thinking and reproducing information from the outside and giving it out. There are people who think in pictures, talk to themselves, and base their actions on how they feel about the situation. In the psychological literature, these three types of thinking are called representational systems of perception, i.e. how we perceive the world around us, how we process the received information within ourselves and how we release the processed information back into the world around us (communication).

This must be taken into account when communicating.
There are no pure types of thinking (representational systems), there is a leading system of perception, then a system for processing information internally, then a method of verbalization within personal experiences. It might look like this: VISUAL-KINESTHETIC-VISUAL. Topic 8 Interpersonal space.
This is a subjective criterion of people's emotional closeness.
The closer relationships people have, the smaller the communication distance between them. In turn, this depends on: 1.
age

2.social status

3.psychological characteristics

4.national standards of behavior

The closest people in terms of communication distance are relatives, friends and acquaintances. In addition, the age criterion is also worth taking into account: older people require more interpersonal space than young people.

It is worth noting when considering the issue of interpersonal space the influence of gender and personal characteristics:

Women stand and sit closer to the interlocutor than men.

Mentally balanced people come closer than anxious people, because... they stay away.

People interested in each other reduce the distance.

There are certain limits to the permissible distance:

• Intimate (up to 0.5 m.) - where the partners’ bodies come into contact - sports, ballet, etc.
• Interpersonal - (0.5. - 1.2. m.) - for conversations between friends with and without contact
• Social distance – (1.2.-3.7. m.) – for informal and formal social and business relationships.
• Public distances (3.7 m or more)

Interpersonal space influences the frequency and duration of visual contacts - the closer, the shorter and less frequent their mutual glances. Topic 9 Personal self-esteem.
Let us now dwell on such an aspect of human interaction as personal self-esteem.

Self-esteem is a person's ability to honestly, lovingly, and truly evaluate themselves. A person whose self-esteem is adequate creates around him an atmosphere of honesty, openness, responsibility, compassion, and love. Such a person feels important and needed, he feels that the world has become better because he exists in it.

When life's difficulties and problems appear, self-esteem may decrease - however, this is a temporary feeling, as a natural result of the crisis that has arisen. People with adequate self-esteem do not consider themselves hopeless and do not pretend that nothing is happening; they do not shift their experiences onto others.

To feel not at your best and not admit it means to deceive yourself and others.

People differ from each other in the way they relate to others. Typical patterns of behavior in situations of interpersonal contacts can be defined as follows:

1. willingness to get close to people is characteristic of people with adequate self-esteem
2. avoid, fight, dominate or submit - typical for people with high or low self-esteem.

Topic 10 Personal value guidelines.
In the life of each of us, a special role is played by the values ​​that guide us in our actions, as well as in evaluating our own and others’ actions.
Personal autonomy Sense of community
are two core values ​​on which

good contacts.

Personal autonomy is a person’s right to originality, uniqueness of his personality, to independence in choosing his destiny. Community – friendly communication, living together and working together of autonomous individuals who pursue and create common goals, and jointly seek ways to achieve these goals.

It is believed that by mastering these two values, it is possible to achieve self-realization: this means that autonomy and personal development are not achieved at the expense of other people or in isolation from them and that the implementation of common goals does not come at the cost of the loss of individuality and freedom of individuals.

This is a very difficult task, which people have been struggling with for many millennia.

In addition to the above, the group of values ​​includes the following:

• authenticity and openness
• possibility of searching and research
• willingness to do good
• reducing the threat to the individual
• personality development and self-affirmation

1. Authenticity and openness - sincerity in relationships, avoiding falsehood, hypocrisy and dishonesty. Saying what you think and feel is not the right to unlimited expression of thoughts and feelings. Anyone who renounces this value reduces the right of others to realize it.
2. Willingness to do good is the willingness to provide various kinds of help to another person.
3. Personal security is the most important condition for the development of the individual and his creative potential. Manipulating people with the help of fear and threats, even if it leads to the desired results, causes a defensive reaction in people, requiring the expenditure of energy to cope with fear and concerns - loss of the ability to be creative, independent, and responsible for their actions.

1. Personal development and self-affirmation is a special value that lies in the process of personal development - interests, skills, knowledge, imagination, creativity. Development and change of personality is the result of the fact that, fully aware of the external conditions of his life, subject to the need to coordinate his life path with the interests of others, a person consciously and purposefully makes his choice.

When any values ​​are lost, people often build their relationships on the basis (principle) of conventional correctness
. It is based on the observance of certain strictly defined boundaries within which one’s own behavior and the behavior of another person should be kept. Compliance with rules and conventions facilitates social interaction, allowing you to anticipate and control people's actions, i.e. causing a feeling of dissatisfaction.

To summarize the above topic, we can emphasize that when developing criteria, we are looking for the answer: “How can I understand whether my relationships with other people are good or bad? What can be changed to make communication flow differently?”

The main determinants of communication can manifest themselves in different forms and, depending on this, bring people closer and unite or separate and distance them from each other:

These include: satisfying emotional needs, forming an image of the surrounding reality, making changes in another person, working together, sharing entertainment and recreation.
Topic 11 The main stages of human ontogenetic development
.

A human child discovers the ability to communicate emotionally with people already in the third month of life, and by the age of one year, his expression becomes so rich that it allows him to quite quickly acquire the language of communication and use audible speech.

The main stages that the ontogenetic development of communication in a person goes through until entering school can be described as follows:

1. from birth to 2-3m. Biological in content, contact communication that serves as a means of satisfying the child’s organic needs. The main means of communication is mainly facial expressions and elementary gestures.
2. from 2-3m to 8-10m. The initial stage of cognitive communication is associated with the beginning of the functioning of the main sense organs and the need for new impressions appears.
3. from 8-10m. until 1.5. The emergence of coordination, verbal-nonverbal communication, servicing cognitive needs. Coming to the use of language as a means of communication.
4. 1.5. up to 3 l. The emergence of business and gaming communication is associated with the emergence of objective activities and games. The initial stage of separating business and personal communication.
5. from 3 to 6-7 l. The emergence of arbitrariness in the choice and use of various natural data from nature or acquired means of communication. Development of plot-role communication generated by inclusion in plot-role games. Upon entering school, the child’s intellectual and personal growth accelerates.

The further development of communication can be imagined as a person’s gradual accumulation of a culture of communication based on reflection, feedback and self-regulation.
A psychologically highly developed person differs from a less developed person not only by the expressed need to communicate with a variety of people, but also by rich content, multiple goals and a wide choice of means of communication.
Topic 12 The role of communication in human mental development.

Firstly, communication is of great importance in the formation of the human psyche. Through active communication with developed personalities, a person himself turns into a personality: if from birth a person was deprived of the opportunity to communicate, he would not become civilized, cultural and morally developed.

Without communication, a person becomes a biological being in mental development.
Secondly, the child’s mental development is formed primarily through communication with adults, with the help of which the child acquires mental behavioral qualities, because Before adolescence, the child is deprived of the ability to self-education and self-education. In the process of communication, the baby receives the information necessary for his individual development. Thirdly, in communication, from the beginning, through direct imitation (vicarious learning), then through verbal instructions (verbal learning), the child’s basic life experience is acquired, since the people with whom he communicates are the bearers of this experience. To summarize the above, we can say that the intensity of communication, the diversity of its content, goals, and means are important factors in the development of children.

Fourthly, the previously identified TYPES of communication serve the development of various aspects of the human psyche and behavior, for example:

• Business communication – forms and develops abilities, serves as a means of acquiring knowledge and skills, and develops business and organizational qualities.

• Personal communication forms a person as a person, gives him the opportunity to acquire certain character traits, interests, habits, inclinations, learn norms and forms of moral behavior, determine the goals of life and choose the means of their implementation.
• Material communication allows a person to receive the objects of material and spiritual culture necessary for a normal life.

• Cognitive communication – creates a state of readiness for learning, forms attitudes.

• Motivational communication is a source of additional energy. A person acquires new interests, motives and goals of activity - a person increases his psychoenergetic potential.

• Activity communication improves and enriches human activity itself.

• Biological communication is a self-preserving form as the most important condition for the maintenance and development of life functions.

• Social communication - serves the social needs of people and is a factor contributing to the development of forms of social life: groups, teams, organizations, etc.

• Direct communication is necessary for a person in order to learn and be educated as a result of the widespread use in practice of the simplest and most effective means and methods of learning given to him from birth: conditioned reflex, vicarious and verbal.
• Indirect communication - helps to master the means of communication and improve on the basis of a person’s ability to self-education and self-education, as well as to consciously manage the communication itself.
• Nonverbal communication - a person receives the opportunity for psychological development even before he has mastered and learned to use speech.

• Verbal communication is associated with the acquisition of speech; it underlies all human development.

Topic 13 Manipulations.
The manipulator within us represents that part of our personality that, consciously or unconsciously, uses a variety of tricks, the purpose of which is to control the situation in order to achieve its goals.

There are four main types of manipulative systems:

1. Active manipulator - tries to control using active methods. He plays the role of a person full of strength - he does not demonstrate his weakness. Takes advantage of his social position or rank (parent, teacher, etc.). He becomes a “top dog” (Pearls) - he achieves control over others. His favorite technique is “commitment and expectation.”
2. Passive manipulator – pretends to be helpless and stupid “underdog”. Wins while suffering defeats. Letting others think and work for him. His best techniques are lethargy and passivity.
3. A competitive manipulator perceives life as a constant tournament, an endless chain of wins and losses. He assigns himself the role of a vigilant fighter. For him, life is a constant battle, and people are rivals and even enemies. It is between “top dog” and “bottom dog”.
4. An indifferent manipulator tries to leave, to avoid contacts. His motto is "I don't care." His methods are either passive or active.

TYPES OF MANIPULATORS.
Dictator Hooligan

Rag Nice Guy

Calculator Judge

Stuck Defender The contacts that manipulators make are superficial, they do not touch the soul, because... manipulators are afraid of vulnerability. Ways to avoid contact.

1. “random person” - it’s not my place to tell you...

2. question what you just said - you missed the point.

3. his words refer to another person - I’m not talking about you, but in general.

4.pretend that he doesn’t understand the situation or the context - you overestimate me.

But without deep contacts, a person cannot develop as a person, realize himself, or achieve actualization.
Ultimately, the person is putting their mental health at risk. Topic 14 Reasons for manipulation.
The main reason for manipulation is a person’s conflict with himself, because... In everyday life, a person must rely on both himself and the environment. The problem of trusting yourself and other people arises.

1. A false postulate: the better we are, the more perfect we are, the more loved we are. E.Fromm.
2. The risk and uncertainty of the world around us and the feeling of helplessness turn a person into an object, which greatly increases his helplessness.
3. Fear of predicament. A manipulator is a person who treats people ritually, avoiding intimacy in relationships and difficult situations.
4. The need to gain everyone's approval.

Ultimately, the manipulator remains “on the nose” because:
Life is an unloved job

Forgets how to enjoy life, experience deep feelings

Believes that in adulthood only problems and hardships await him

Does not try to comprehend the goals and meaning of his existence

The manipulator loves to control - he is a slave to this need.

The paradox of manipulation is that the more he loves to control, the stronger his need to be controlled by someone.

The manipulator is afraid that someone will find out about his true feelings - hiding his true deep feelings is the mark of a manipulator.
He does not study life, but collects a collection of clever words, sayings, beautiful things - splurges. In modern neurotic society it is more convenient to live as a manipulator than as an actualizer. But more convenient does not mean better. Not all manipulation is evil. Some manipulative steps are necessary for a person in the struggle for existence. Conscious and frequent manipulations are harmful because they mask the psychological and mental immaturity of the individual.

Interesting facts about the psychology of communication

Thanks to the research, scientists were able to determine the characteristics of how people interact when they talk. It has been proven that during a dialogue, interlocutors cannot constantly look into each other’s eyes and this takes approximately 60% of the total time. The theory of neurolinguistic programming suggests that by eye movements during a conversation one can understand what images arise in his mind. The psychology of communication, interesting facts about which are regularly updated, has determined that both physical and verbal contact are equally important for a person.

Communication styles:

Altruistic style

A person communicates in order to help others, sympathize, give some advice or suggest something.

Phatic style

A person communicates because he simply really likes to communicate. On all sorts of topics, about everything - about everything. He gets incredible pleasure from communication.

Manipulative style

A person communicates in order to achieve some benefit, a goal, in order to find out some information.

Determining whether a person is a good listener

Test

The following questions need to be answered:

• Do you often interrupt your interlocutor?
• Are you annoyed by your interlocutor's mistakes in communication?
• Are you easily distracted?
• Do you listen carefully to a person if you are not interested in what he says?
• Do you get lost in your own thoughts at the moment when your interlocutor speaks very slowly?
• Are you jumping to conclusions?