Communication concept. Basic functions and means of communication

Means of communication - what is it?

Means of communication are certain well-established (accepted in society) techniques for encoding, transforming and decoding information coming from one individual to another in the process of communication.

Functions performed by means of communication:

• information and communication (transfer of information from one person to another);
• integrative (allows people to unite/unite into groups);
• incentive (activity stimulation);
• interactive (correction of the behavior of individuals or groups when organizing joint activities);
• socialization function (exchange of experience in order to develop and assimilate a system of norms and rules operating in society);
• affective-communicative (directed or unconscious influence on the emotional environment of the opponent);
• coordination function (coordination of actions during group activity);
• function of understanding (perception and decoding of the information code in the form and sense in which the opponent wanted to convey the information).

Learning outcomes

According to the Federal State Educational Standard for Master's degree: The course contributes to the formation of:

• ability to independently search, critically analyze, systematize and summarize scientific information, set research goals and select optimal methods and technologies for achieving them (OPK-3);
• the ability to create programs aimed at preventing occupational risks in various types of activities, deviations in social and personal status and human development using modern psychological tools (PC-6);
• ability to develop and use innovative psychological technologies to solve new problems in various areas of professional practice (PC-7)

What are they?

All means of communication are usually divided into two groups: verbal and non-verbal.

Each group performs a specific function.

And if verbal (verbal) means of communication are aimed at conveying to the opponent the meaning of what was said, then non-verbal means convey the emotions and attitude of the individual towards the person with whom he is currently interacting.

Nonverbal

Nonverbal communication adds emotional color and tone .

It allows you to achieve maximum mutual understanding with your opponent, understand his mood, and sometimes his true intentions.

Nonverbal communication consists of two large groups : extralinguistic and paralinguistic means of communication.

Paralinguistic group:

1. Prosody . This category usually includes elements that complement speech. These are timbre, depth and strength of the voice, degree of expressiveness of articulation, stress, character and length of pauses, etc. In other words, prosodic means help to color the information by influencing the voice.
2. Kinesics (optical-kinetic means of communication). All actions that a person perceives visually and as an addition to what was said. This includes gestures, gaze, facial expressions, and even changes in the position of the body and individual parts of the body in space.
3. Graphemics . A way of writing that conveys a person’s feelings and emotions. The manner of writing letters and words may change depending on the emotional background. So an angry person presses his pen hard on the paper, but a thoughtful person makes mistakes and forgets to finish the “hooks.”

Paralinguistic means of communication cannot be used without reference to speech.

Extralinguistic group:

1. Takeshika . Tactile contacts in the process of communication are tactical means. Any touches, kisses, chips and stroking contain a non-verbal code and are a reflection of the emotional/sensual background of the individual.
2. Proxemics . During interaction, interlocutors can be far or close to each other, consciously or unconsciously controlling the distance. The method of spatial organization of contact, reflecting the relationship of the interlocutors to each other, is called proxemics.
3. Chronemics . Distribution of time in the process of communication. A person can rush to a meeting, or he can delay the call. He can wait a long time for the interlocutor to become free, or he can limit the time of contact.
4. Extralinguistics . Conveying emotions using voice, but without reference to speech. This may include coughing, dissatisfied rumbling, sighs, screams, etc.
5. Sensory . Perceiving an opponent using the senses. A person reacts to the smell, the tenderness of the skin during touch and the visual characteristics of the interlocutor. There are also separate subgroups here. Examples include olfactory means of communication (perception through smell) and phonation means of communication (hearing perception).

People learn (adopt) nonverbal means of communication from their parents or guardians even before they begin to speak. Therefore, to develop the ability for non-verbal communication.

But learning to recognize and decipher them will be useful for every member of society.

Nonverbal communication:

Verbal

Verbal means of communication are also called “signs”.

And unlike non-verbal ones, symbolic means of communication in their pure form cannot be interpreted ambiguously.

The basic element of verbal communication is speech.

Speech activities:

• reading;
• letter;
• speaking;
• hearing.

Speech is divided into written, oral and internally directed .

Dactyl replaces oral speech, while including non-speech communication methods (for example, the alphabet of signs for the deaf and dumb).

About this Course

26,398 recent views

Every person from time to time communicates with other people: relatives and friends, colleagues and clients, sellers and clerks, fellow travelers and random passers-by. Sometimes this communication is successful, sometimes it is not. Why did it happen so? and How to avoid this? - two questions we ask ourselves after unsuccessful communication. In this course we will talk about how human communication works: how we transmit information, what obstacles we encounter and how we solve problems that arise. Consider interpersonal and group communication. Let's discuss what happens in personal and online communication. The course consists of online lectures and additional materials. In online lectures we will not only talk about the results of psychological research, but also see how the discovered patterns manifest themselves in real life - in personal and business relationships; Let's analyze various ways to solve emerging problems. Additional materials - expert presentations and videos with specific examples - will help you better understand the material. To test your knowledge, you can fill out tests.

Having technical difficulties? Contact us at:

Language

Language is closely related to the people who act as native speakers. With the help of language, people communicate with each other and convey thoughts at the simplest and most accessible level .

Society and language do not exist separately from each other. Their development also occurs in parallel, so any changes in the life of society are immediately reflected in the language.

Language functions:

• communicative;
• accumulative (storage and transfer of knowledge);
• constructive (through language you can give form to thoughts);
• educational;
• ethnic (unites people into groups, and unites these groups with each other);
• emotional (description and transmission of feelings in the form of a verbal code).

It is important to understand that even if there is a single and common form of the language for all its speakers, communication barriers :

1. Phonetic . Arises due to any speech characteristics of the participants in the interaction (accent, speech impediments, tone, etc.).
2. Boolean . If interlocutors have different intellectual abilities or ways of thinking, misunderstandings may arise.
3. Stylistic . The barrier is associated with incorrect application of sentence construction rules or incorrect presentation of information.
4. Semantic .
   This barrier arises when interaction occurs between speakers of different languages. Each language has its own characteristics, so a literal translation often “eats” the meaning and nuances of the message.

Each language has its own patterns and rules for transmitting information . For the Russian language, such templates are styles. Each style is appropriate only in a certain environment and under certain conditions.

1. Scientific style . This verbal method is based on scientific terms, the absence of an emotional component and a clear structure of the message.
2. Business . This style is distinguished by precision and stinginess. It is suitable for communication between people of different social status, writing laws and official papers. Business style is relevant in work environments.
3. Journalistic .
   The goal of the journalistic style is to come into contact with a large audience and arouse their interest. It is distinguished by its expressive sound, the presence of ornate stamps, and an abundance of emotions. There are no strict restrictions or framework for journalistic style.
4. Spoken . It is used in personal communication if people at the time of conversation do not obey social or work statuses.
5. Artistic . Used in the creation of literary works.

Forms of communication action[ | code]

Main article: Types of communication

- a unit of communication between people, a communicative fact, used in some areas of psychology. In accordance with the direction of transactions, three types of communications are distinguished:

• Frontal communication
  is a type of communication in which transactions go in one direction from the speaker
  to many
  listeners, according to the principle “one speaks - the rest are silent.” If, for example, during a lecture a student asks the lecturer a question, then a dialogue may arise between the student and the lecturer, but the type of communication remains frontal, since while one of them speaks, the principle “one speaks - the rest are silent” remains .
• Dialogue
  is a type of communication in which transactions occur in both directions between
  two
  interlocutors.
• Indirect communication
  is a type of communication in which transactions occur in both directions through information recorded in some form, for example, through text, sound or video recording, drawing or diagram [
  source not specified 1992 days
  ].

Imitation | code

Through imitation, one can learn new forms of behavior, and imitation can be carried out both at the level of the actions being reproduced themselves, and at the level of awareness of the meaning of these actions.

Imitative behavior can be unconscious - this includes, for example, “contagious” yawning. It can be either directed or unconscious.

There are different psychological mechanisms behind imitation:

• in infancy - imitation of movements and sounds is an attempt to establish contact;
• in childhood - insight into the meaning of human activity through modeling in games;
• in youth - identification with an idol, belonging to a group;
• in adulthood - learning in professional activities.

Principles of Effective Communication

Semantic correspondence between the information received and the response. For example, a greeting requires a return greeting. A question should be answered, not another question. In this way, each speech fragment will have a conclusion.

The principle of preferential structure.

Confirming and rejecting responses are given differently. Consent is usually expressed without delay, extremely concisely and clearly.

The boss asks the subordinate: “The report must be submitted by tomorrow”

The subordinate replies: “Okay.”

Disagreement is accompanied by a preliminary pause, followed by a more voluminous response, including arguments and explanations.

Boss: “Analyze the department’s weekly statistics by evening.”

Subordinate: “(pause) I would love to complete this assignment, but right now I’m busy with the previous task.”

A sender who knows the principles of effective communication will hear a pause of disagreement after a request and soften the request.

Boss: “Analyze the weekly statistics for the department by evening and then you can leave work early tomorrow.”

Such a conversation will get rid of unnecessary tension, and the order will be completed.

The principle of cooperation.

Consists of 4 groups of postulates: quality, quantity, attitude, method.

Quality: “The statement must be true.”

Quantity: “The statement must contain no less and no more information than required”

Attitude: “Stay on topic.”

Method: “Be clear.”

Notes

1. ↑ Leontyev A. A.
   Communication activities as an object of scientific research // Psychology of communication. - M.: Smysl, 1999. - 365 p. — ISBN 5-89357-054-5.
2. // Brief psychological dictionary / General. ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky; Ed.-comp. L. A. Karpenko. — 2nd ed., expanded, revised. and additional - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 1999. - 505 p. — ISBN 5-222-00239-X.
3. Akhutina T.V.
   Introductory article // Tomasello M. (English) Russian. Origins of human communication / Transl. from English M. V. Falikman, E. V. Pechenkova, M. V. Sinitsyna, Anna A. Kibrik, A. I. Karpukhina. - M.: Languages ​​of Slavic Cultures, 2011. - P. 20.
4. // Nemov R. S. Psychology: Textbook. for students higher ped. textbook establishments: In 3 books. Book 1: General fundamentals of psychology. — 4th ed. — M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2003. - 688 p. — ISBN 5-691-00552-9. ISBN 5-691-00553-7.
5. ↑ Nikolaeva T. M.
   Paralinguistics // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Chief editor V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. — ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
6. Paralinguistics / Leontyev A. A. // Otomi - Plaster. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - (: / chief editor A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 19).
7. Speech / Leontyev A. A. // Belt - Safi. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1975. - (: / chief editor A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 22).
8. Goryanina V. A.
   Psychology of communication. - M.: Publishing House, 2002. - 416 p.
9. Mimicry // Moezia - Morshansk. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. - (: / chief editor A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 16).
10. // Fabry K. E. Fundamentals of zoopsychology: A textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialties “Psychology”, “Biology”, “Zoology” and “Physiology”. — 3rd ed. - M.: Russian Psychological Society, 1999. - 464 p. — ISBN 5-89573-051-5.
11. ↑ Roy M. Berko, et al.
    Communicating. — 11th ed. - Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2010. - P. 9-12.
12. ↑ Filonenko M. M.
    Psychology of spilkuvannya. Podruchnik. - K.: Center for Educational Literature, 2008. - 224 p.
13. ↑, Chapter 1. The theory of interpersonal communication as interdisciplinary knowledge.
14. , Chapter 2. The need for communication and methods for studying it.

Ideas about the development of communication[ | code]

Phylogenetic development of communication | code

Phylogenesis is the historical formation of a group of organisms, in this case the development of human society.

According to the American psychologist and specialist in the study of communication and cooperation M. Tomasello (English) Russian, and his cooperative

models of human communication, the first human forms of communication were pointing and pictorial (iconic) gestures.

Ontogenetic development of communication | code

Ontogenesis is the individual development of an organism, in this case the development of the human individual.

A child’s emotional communication with people begins from the third month of life (revitalization complex); the development of verbal language of communication occurs at the age of about a year.

Up to three months, the main means of communication are primitive facial expressions and elementary gestures; communication is a means of achieving satisfaction of physiological needs. In the period from 8-10 months to one and a half years, the stage of verbal-nonverbal communication occurs, aimed at satisfying cognitive needs. In the period from one and a half to three years, business and play communication appear; From three to 6-7 years of age, role-playing communication skills develop.