Diagnosis F 90 Hyperkinetic disorders (disease treatment)

Severity of the disease

Risk factors for dementia pugilistica in Boxers:

1. risk increases with length of boxing career, especially >10 years
2. Age when you stop performing: risk after 28 years
3. number of fights: especially ≥20 (more important than number of knockouts)
4. athlete style: greater risk for weak boxers compared to “technical” ones who rarely get knockouts
5. age at examination: long latency period leads to increased frequency with age
6. perhaps the number of blows to the head matters
7. the risk increases in patients who have the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) (as in AD), as shown in Table. 24-30
8. professional boxers (greater risk than amateurs)

Table 24-30. Chances of developing Alzheimer's disease

Neuroimaging: The most common finding is brain atrophy. In boxers, septum pellucida cyst occurs in 13% of cases. In this situation, it may be acquired and correlates with brain atrophy.

Pathomorphology:

1. atrophy of the brain and cerebellum
2. neurofibrillary degeneration of cortical and subcortical areas
3. β-amyloid deposition
4. formation of diffuse amyloid plaques
5. in patients with CTE, the vascular wall is involved, which leads to the development of amyloid angiopathy

There are diseases that show their first symptoms long after exposure to the cause. Because of this, it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment. Such pathologies include post-traumatic encephalopathy. Every person can meet her without even knowing it. Complete information will help you understand your condition and use data about the disease to your advantage.

Tank T-90MS - video

The basis of the on-board equipment complex is the modern Kalina control system, which includes a multispectral gunner’s sight, a commander’s panoramic sight with a digital ballistic computer and a set of firing conditions sensors. The combat information and control system of the tactical level is integrated into the control system. The multispectral fire control system is designed to ensure high efficiency in the use of a combat vehicle in conflicts of various levels throughout the day (day and night). Multispectral integrated sights occupy less armor volume, and the control system as a whole has significantly fewer controls, which simplifies crew training and tank operation. When equipping mixed tank units with tanks and fire support combat vehicles of the BMPT type, a high degree of unification of the control system is simply necessary and in this case is ensured. Such unification is guaranteed due to the widespread use of developments in this area obtained during the implementation of the Slingshot-1 and, especially, Frame-99 development projects. Integration into the automated tank battalion control system (ATCS) was carried out within the framework of the “Slider” design and development work.

The general principle of operation of the Kalina fire control system is the complex interaction of the sighting system, the guided weapons complex, electric drives for stabilized weapon guidance, control systems for the actuating elements of weapons, consoles and control panels with the corresponding equipment of the computer system of the fire control system, which ensures the reception of information signals, the formation of control commands and other necessary information in accordance with the operating algorithms of the control system in various modes. In this case, the pairing of elements is ensured through information exchange via a multiplex channel (POST R 52070-2003 - the Russian analogue of the American military standard MIL-STD-1553). The OMS includes integrated equipment for the system for setting up aerosol and smoke screens, as well as equipment that ensures the identification of “friend or foe” and the operation of the automated safety control system.

The main elements of the control system are the combined sight of the gunner PNM "Sosna-U" and the panoramic sight of the commander of the PC PAN "Falcon Eye", made in the form of a functionally complete multi-channel sighting system, providing the gunner and commander with high efficiency in the combat use of weapons due to wide search capabilities at any time. time of day (daytime, in conditions of limited visibility and at night), high accuracy stabilization of the aiming line in two planes.

The operation of the PNM Sosna-U gunner’s sight consists in the complex interaction of the following systems:

1) systems for stabilizing the mirror along the VN and GN, necessary for accurate aiming, target tracking and terrain viewing, regardless of the object’s movement conditions; 2) an optical system (sighting channel with two magnification powers), with the help of which the terrain is scanned, targets are detected, identified and aimed in daytime conditions; 3) a thermal imaging system (a thermal imaging channel with three fields of view) with a video viewing device, which serves to duplicate the optical system in conditions of limited visibility and at night; 4) a laser rangefinder channel, which serves to measure the range to a target using a beam of pulsed laser radiation; 5) a laser control channel designed to aim the missile at a target with a beam of modulated laser radiation.

For additional automation of the “hunter-gunner” mode, the Kalina fire control system has a two-channel automatic target tracking function (simultaneously and independently from the gunner’s and commander’s positions). This function is implemented by integrating a target tracking machine (ATS) into the control system. The ASC is designed for digital processing of video signals received from technical vision channels and high-precision pointing of weapons at stationary and moving (including maneuvering) targets and in conditions of movement of the carrier - the BTT object. The use of ASC is determined, first of all, by the possibility of partial or complete exclusion of human operator functions from the task of controlling the control system, as they are not sufficiently accurate and reliable and are not always predictable. The most significant gain in guidance accuracy of the ASC is provided in the presence of mutual movement of the target and the BTT object and on average reaches almost 3 times, and in some areas - 4-5 times, which is largely due to the effect on the operator of combat (stressful) conditions and local overloads that arise when an object moves along a typical route.

Another important aspect of the use of ASC is the possibility of reducing the time for preparing a shot through the introduction of interactive target acquisition procedures that do not require the operator to accurately designate targets and align the angular velocities of the target and the line of sight before acquiring the target for automatic tracking. The time gain is achieved due to the fact that the operator needs to perform only one control action - moving the line of sight to the target area and, if the ASC is ready to capture the target, permission to capture the target. In this case, the aiming mark is aimed at the center of the target automatically, with the maximum possible speed. Data from experimental testing of interactive capture show that when using it, the time for preparing a shot can be reduced by 2-3 s.

The software and hardware complex (PTK) for interaction between a tank/motorized rifle battalion is integrated into the Kalina fire control system. It allows you to combine all the combat and assigned vehicles of a unit into a single information network, exchange information about the location of any combat vehicles of the battalion and the forces assigned to it, the deployment of the enemy, and receive and transmit information to higher command levels. Practical work on the integration of Russian models of armored vehicles into the created unified tactical level control system (ESU TZ) was currently carried out mainly in the direction of creating a basic set of an automated control system for a tank battalion (BC ACS TB). Ideologically, it was developed as an integral part of the ESU TK BC in the form of a set of informationally and technically interconnected on-board PTCs, as well as portable and portable individual automated workstations for battalion officials who do not have assigned workplaces in weapons and military equipment facilities. When equipped with onboard anti-tank systems, the value of the military-technical level coefficient for command and line tanks with appropriate integration of tanks into the automated safety control system increases by 40-60%.

When creating the ESU TK complex within the framework of the Sozvezdie-M2 design and development project, the Sozvezdie concern developed internal communication, switching and control equipment (AVSKU), intended for installation in mobile objects of the tactical control level. The principles of construction of the AVSKU are based on the requirements of full interaction between the crew members of the object, as well as with external subscribers through the appropriate channel-forming equipment. The equipment proposed by Constellation is a set of small, functionally complete units connected by an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet network at a speed of 100 Mbit/s. AVSKU corresponds to the architecture of open systems, is made in a modular design and provides various installation configurations, ranging from the simplest vehicles to the most complex objects of command and staff vehicles of the tactical control level. VNIITransmash was directly involved in the development of the PTK with the participation of UKBTM. In 2010, the PTK was adopted for service and began to be installed on the serial tanks T-90A (“Object 188A1 with PTK”, or “Object 188A2”) and T-90AK (“Object 188A2K”), while the line tank is equipped with PTK equipment -T-2, and the commander's - PTK-T-1.

A combined orientation system with satellite navigation equipment, which has electronic mapping and inter-object interaction modes, is responsible for navigation support. The equipment is integrated with the GLONASS/GPS 14Ts821 “Grot-V” receiver and indicator equipment. The navigation equipment includes a gyro heading meter, a cartograph, a heading indicator and an SNS antenna. In order to ensure the operation of the PTK, the modernized T-90S tank is equipped with internal and external communication means. For external communication via two channels, radio stations R-168-25U and R-168-5UV are installed, operating on one on-board wide-range antenna R-168BShDA through a block of antenna filters R-168BAF-25U, and for internal communication the vehicle has intercom equipment and switching R-168AVSK-B. AVSK is used to access external communications for the commander and gunner through the R-168-25U and R-168-5UV radio stations, and for the driver through the R-168-25U radio station. The installation of radio stations provides class 2 communication quality (92-95%) and verbal speech intelligibility for the R-168-5UV radio station at a range of 10 km and for the R-168-25U radio station - 20 km, which meets the requirements of GOST 6600-72.

Encryption equipment is used to ensure the security of data transmission. Cryptographic information protection equipment is designed for cryptographic protection, imitation protection, noise-resistant data transmission/reception, and their distribution between communication channels and automated workstations. In the export version of the control system, instead of the Russian PTK-T-1 / 2, KUVz is installed - a complex for managing intra-facility and inter-facility interaction. The orientation system is odometric, using satellite navigation. For external switching, the R-168-25UE-2 radio station is used, and for internal switching, AVSKU-E equipment is used. Optionally, at the request of the customer, a tactical battlefield management system T-BMS can be installed, designed for automated control of combat facilities at the battalion level and below. As part of the tank, T-BMS carries out control via HF and VHF radio stations TRC-3730 and TR C9310 (Thales) using GPS satellite navigation equipment.

The main tasks of KUVZ and T-BMS:

– working with an electronic map, reproducing the tactical situation; – operational control of combat units and the situation in the controlled area; – location and navigation data; – determining the location of network sections; – informing about the situation in a given combat zone, issuing an alarm when entering a prohibited zone; – transmission and receipt of orders, messages, technical information.

The interaction management complex provides a significant reduction in the time it takes for the unit commander to assess the tactical situation and make decisions in combat, and reduces the workload of crew members. The Kalina fire control system also integrates control of the modernized curtain setting system (SPZ) TSHU-1-2M, which is designed to protect the tank from anti-tank guided systems with semi-active laser homing heads and artillery systems with laser rangefinders, as well as to set a smoke screen in direction chosen by the commander. Prototypes of the TSHU-1-2M system with positive results passed autonomous preliminary tests, interdepartmental tests, state tests as part of the BMPT (R&D "Ramka-99") and extended acceptance tests as part of the tank "Object 184M" (R&D "Rogatka-1" , stage 2).

The modernized T-90S tank has significantly improved visibility from the crew's workplaces. The nomenclature and number of surveillance devices installed on the vehicle were selected based on compliance with the TTZ requirements for visibility from the crew members’ workplaces and the compatibility of the periscope devices with the commander’s and gunner’s sights. Taking into account this approach, in addition to the commander’s and gunner’s sights, the vehicle is equipped with the following observation devices: – the commander has eight TNP4E-06 devices located along the perimeter of the hatch block; – the gunner has two TNP4E-06 devices; – The driver has a TVN-10 surveillance device.

The TVN-10 three-channel driver observation device provides the possibility of round-the-clock and all-weather driving of the tank. It includes a prism direct observation channel, thermal imaging and low-level television channels. Both channels have a field of view in the horizontal plane of about 50′, in the vertical plane – 37′. The thermal imaging device for driving has such advantages over existing day and night devices as independence from the level of ENO (natural night lighting) - operability is ensured in any external illumination when using the spectral range of 8-14 microns, as well as the ability to observe in foggy conditions , smoke and dust, which is especially important when a tank column is moving along dry summer dirt roads. Provision is made for hydropneumatic cleaning of the entrance windows of the commander's and gunner's TNP4E-06 devices, as well as the driver's TVN-10 device.

To monitor the situation behind the car and make reversing easier, the driver-mechanic uses a rear-view video camera of an external surveillance television system. A television external surveillance system is also at the commander’s disposal. Using four TVKT-95N video cameras, which also operate in low light conditions, it provides a 360-degree view of the area adjacent to the tank. In general, the search, observation and targeting capabilities of the Kalina fire control system are ensured through a comprehensive solution to the tasks of detecting and recognizing targets by: - ​​integrating the tank through an interaction system in the automated safety control system, which allows you to quickly obtain information about the types and locations of scouted targets; – integrating visualization tools of the interaction system with information about the current position of the commander’s panorama observation sector; this makes it possible to quickly move the field of view of the panorama to the location of the target detected on the electronic map of the area; – the fastest possible recognition and identification of targets using the commander’s multispectral panoramic sight, which has a low-level TV channel (observation in the visible spectrum) and a TP channel (observation in the IR spectrum), as well as through the use of processing (improvement) modes of the observed image; – capturing a target for automatic tracking and transmitting it through the target designation mode in the technical vision field of the gunner’s multi-channel sight (implementation of the “hunter-shooter” function); – integrating the commander’s prism devices, providing close visibility, with the commander’s panorama by organizing a mode for bringing the panorama to the selected prism device, as well as displaying information about the position of the panorama sighting line in the field of view of the corresponding prism device, television external surveillance system. The upgraded weapon stabilizer ensures high transfer speed - up to 40 degrees / s.

Assessing the Kalina fire control system based on the range of capabilities and range of tasks to be solved, we can confidently speak about the fact that a tank fire control system has been created in Russia that not only corresponds to the world level, but also exceeds it.

The most important task in increasing the firepower of Russian tanks was the development of new armor-piercing sabot shells (APS) of increased power. Such work was carried out within the framework of the Svinets-1 and Svinets-2 development projects and ended with the creation and adoption of shots with the so-called “long” (L = 740 mm) BPS. The use of ZVBM22 rounds with the ZBM59 "Svinets-1" BPS and ZVBM2E with the ZBM60 "Svinets-2" BPS and the 4ZH96 "Ozon-T" propellant charge makes it possible to significantly increase armor penetration while simultaneously increasing the actual firing distance. The Proryv UBM ensures the use of such shots. The Proryv UBM is unified for the installation of 2A46M-5 or 2A82 guns with the placement of a conveyor with automatic loader ammunition in the area of ​​the hull bottom.

The 2A46M-5 smoothbore gun is a modernization of the well-known 2A46M (D-81TM) gun. The design of the modernized gun ensures interchangeability with the 2A46M (2A46M-1) gun by replacing armor protection and trunnion device attachment points at tank factories with the installation of additional balancing weights. In addition to new shots, the use of all types of shots from the 2A46M gun ammunition, including TUR, is ensured.

The 2A46M-5 gun has the following design differences from the serial 2A46M: – the barrel has a differentiated tolerance for wall thickness, in the muzzle the wall thickness difference is no more than 0.6 mm; – trunk rigidity is increased to 420 kgf/cm; – 2A46M-5 gun barrels are interchangeable with 2A46M gun barrels; – barrel guides in a prismatic cradle; – additional backlash selecting devices have been introduced in the neck of the cradle (2 pcs.), in the backlash selecting devices, rollers are used instead of stops, which eliminates the influence of wear of the stops on pressing the barrel to the cradle guides and reduces the friction force in this connection by replacing sliding friction with rolling friction; – backlash-free trunnion units with elastic rollers and a reverse wedge are used, as a result, the influence of play in the trunnions on shooting accuracy is reduced; – to automatically take into account the bending of the barrel when firing, a reflector of the barrel bending metering device (BMU) is mounted on the muzzle of the pipe. In 2003, state tests of the 2A46M-5 cannon were completed, and in 2005 it was put into service and mass-produced at the Yekaterinburg Artillery Plant No. 9. Currently, the 2A46M-5 is installed on all T-90A tanks coming off the Uralvagonzavod assembly line. The high-power smoothbore gun with an auto-fastened and partially chrome-plated barrel 2A82 is a completely new development, only externally similar to the 125-mm tank guns of the previous generation. The achieved level of energy characteristics of the 2A82 gun allows it to provide significant superiority over serial and developed domestic and foreign analogues. The muzzle energy of the 2A82 cannon is significantly greater than the muzzle energy of the well-known Rheinmetall Rh 120/L55 cannon. In terms of technical level, the superiority of the new gun is estimated at 1.2-1.25 times. Particularly impressive values ​​are the coefficient of metal utilization and the specific load of the barrel - the most important parameters characterizing the perfection of the design.

One of the significant factors influencing the accuracy of firing from tanks in real operating conditions is the deformation of the gun barrel, which depends on the solar heating of the barrel, the rate of fire, precipitation, wind cooling, and mechanical effects on the gun during the movement of objects. Deformation of the gun barrel leads to a displacement of the direction of the axis of the barrel bore in the area of ​​its cut relative to the axis in the area of ​​the trunnions and to a violation of the alignment of the sights with the gun. To compensate for thermal bending (one of the components of barrel deformation), foreign tanks use collimators - position sensors for the end of the gun barrel, installed at the end of the barrel. On domestic tanks, simpler optical-mechanical devices for built-in alignment control (UHKV) are used, which also solve the problem of partially taking into account thermal bending (about half) and mechanically knocking down the line of sight of sights relative to the axis of the barrel bore.

However, manually adjusting the alignment using collimators and high-frequency radar requires stopping the tank and time to control and restore the alignment, which is not always possible in combat conditions. In addition, the possibility of taking into account dynamic vibrations of the barrel is excluded. Thus, the task of automating the accounting of thermal bending and mechanical vibrations of the barrel during the firing process becomes urgent. This problem was solved by integrating the UUI-1 thermal bending device into the Kalina control system.

The UUI is an optical-electronic system consisting of a special receiving-emitting unit installed at the base of the artillery barrel and a reflecting mirror located at the muzzle of the barrel. The digital signal processing used in the device ensures the measurement of the necessary parameters of the barrel in a wide range of interference and operational influences. The measured parameters are provided as corrections to the ballistic computer, which improves shooting accuracy. The use of a CID makes it possible to increase the accuracy of hits during rapid-fire shooting at a target several times.

To increase the effectiveness of the fight against tank-dangerous manpower and anti-tank artillery, a new high-explosive fragmentation round ZVOF77V with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile ZOF54, as well as a ZVSh7 round with a projectile with ready-made lethal elements ZSh7 “Raven” were introduced into the tank’s ammunition load. The shells are equipped with electronic remote-contact fuses EDKV developed by the Poisk Research Institute ZVM17 (for shrapnel and beam-fragmentation shells) and ZVM18 (for high-explosive fragmentation shells) with a 52 mm spectacle thread. To ensure the firing of these ammunition, the tank is equipped with the Ainet remote detonation system, which ensures the detonation of the OFS at a given point in the trajectory. This system allows the projectile to be effectively used against hovering helicopters, manpower and light armored vehicles located openly and in trenches, at distances of 4 km or more. The characteristics of the radius of fragmentation damage and the accuracy of fire at range are improved threefold, which reduces the average consumption of shells on a typical target by half. All 125-mm OFS in service are compatible with this system, provided that the standard fuse is replaced with an electronic EDKV.

It should be noted that the Ainet system, developed for the T-90 tank and put into service back in 1988, turned out to be insufficiently effective. One of its weak links was the low accuracy of the laser rangefinder included in the 1G46 tank sight. However, the more advanced Kalina fire control system of the modernized tank significantly improved the characteristics of the Ainet system. In addition, R&D is currently underway to modernize the complex with the simultaneous introduction of a new fragmentation-shrapnel projectile and increasing the efficiency by 2 times compared to the Ainet complex. As additional weapons, the modernized tank has a traditional 6P7K PKTM machine gun of 7.62 mm caliber, coaxial with a cannon, with an ammunition capacity of 2000 rounds, as well as a new remote-controlled machine gun UDP T05BV-1 of modular design.

The UDP is designed for close-range self-defense, suppression and destruction of enemy tank-dangerous manpower (infantry) at ranges of up to 1,500 m. To ensure these tasks, a rifle-caliber machine gun is quite sufficient. Therefore, the main option for equipping the remote control is a 7.62-mm 6P7K PKTM machine gun with 800 rounds of ammunition in two magazines. The UDP is mounted in the rear of the turret slightly behind the commander’s panoramic sight to ensure all-round fire (the UDP firing sector is 316″). The UDP is integrated with the commander’s panoramic sight, has two-plane stabilization, vertical pumping angles from -10 to +45″ 26*.

Of course, installing a UDP increases the cost of modernization, however, the developers of the modernized T-90S tank have proposed an alternative (“budget”) option for additional weapons: the commander’s hatch provides for the installation of a machine gun on a swivel (two installation points). It can be equipped with machine guns of 7.62 mm 6P6 PKM, 6P41 Pecheneg, FN MAG, or 12.7 mm 6P50 Kord and FN Browning M2 machine guns. In this case, the following firing angles are provided: horizontally - to the starboard side 102″, to the left side 88′ (with an additional installation point - 168′) and from +30 to -10′ vertically.

The implementation of the latest domestic developments in the field of artillery systems and ammunition in the Proryv UBM provides the modernized T-90 with fire superiority over all existing tanks, including the latest M1A2 SEP (USA), Leopard 2A7+ (Germany), ZTZ-99G and ZTZ-99A2 (China), XK-2 (South Korea), “Altay” (Turkey), Tour 10 (Japan).

Description of the pathology

Post-traumatic encephalopathy is a whole complex of disorders that occur after mechanical brain injury of varying severity. As a result of a traumatic brain injury, mental, mental, and vestibular disorders begin, which significantly complicate the life of the injured person. In difficult cases, the patient may become disabled.

Brain damage after injury can develop quickly, contribute to the progression of the disease, and lead to death. More often, the pathology proceeds slowly, not threatening life, but weakening health. A person is forced to constantly visit doctors, trying to find the cause of his illness. This cannot be done because it is difficult to connect a past head injury with a current illness.

According to medical statistics, up to 80% of patients show signs of post-traumatic encephalopathy after moderate or severe head injuries. The severity of changes in brain structures depends on correct diagnosis and timely treatment.

In the classification of diseases, traumatic encephalopathy does not have its own code. In ICD-10, the number T90.5 is used, that is, “Consequences of intracranial injury.” If there is tissue edema, code G91 “Acquired hydrocephalus.”

Disability 3 groups t90 5 for what reason can they remove the group

Those who cannot move independently, are mentally retarded, in general, a category that is completely dependent on other people Group 2 Such people can take care of themselves a little, can move with auxiliary objects, are trained in special institutions, can control their behavior , with the help of other persons Group 3 Category of people who can take care of themselves, and this is also a working category, but such people are rarely hired because they cannot work full time or carry out the entire workload Initial concepts A person can be called disabled , whose health condition is impaired, in which he cannot live fully.

If disabled, a person cannot be fully or partially engaged in work.

Permanent disability is when disability is established for life.

Contents: The main factors for assigning permanent disability in 2020 Important For group 1 No matter how it sounds, even for patients with the first group of disability, the issue of withdrawal may be considered.

Patients of the first group are, as a rule, people with congenital pathologies and health problems at birth, with severe indicators that cannot be treated correctly, or no improvement occurs.

Most often, these are completely bedridden or with limited abilities for self-care.

They constantly need someone nearby (guardian, etc.). The reasons for withdrawal may be similar to those for other groups.

Mechanism of disease development

The severity of the disease will be affected by the severity of the injury and the location on the head where the blow or other type of mechanical damage occurred. First, the nerve cells in the brain are damaged. Then swelling develops, which blocks the flow of blood to this area. Because of this, the movement of brain fluid (CSF) is disrupted. It accumulates and compresses the ventricles of the brain.

Damaged nerve cells die, and connective tissue forms in their place, that is, scars and adhesions. This part of the brain loses its functionality. After all, connective tissue cannot work in the same way as nerve cells. The transmission of impulses between individual cells and between groups of cells is disrupted. As a result, the density of brain tissue decreases, microinfarctions occur, and a decrease in brain volume is noted.

Diagnosis t90 5

> > Most often this is typical for the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain.

1. As the cerebral ventricles are compressed, the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is disrupted.
2. Due to the malfunction of the immune system, nerve cells are perceived as a foreign object.
3. Since nerve cells are not restored, they are replaced by connective tissue, resulting in the formation of adhesions and scars.
4. As a result of the development of cerebral edema, its blood supply is disrupted.

The appearance of signs and their severity are influenced by the location of the injury and its size.

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If diffuse changes are present, more pronounced symptoms are observed.

As a rule, symptoms of the pathological condition appear some time after the injury - within one to two weeks. Typically, post-traumatic encephalopathy is characterized by the following set of symptoms:

1. Nystagmus is the term used to describe rapid twitching of the pupils.
2. The appearance of astheno-neurotic syndrome, which is caused by exhaustion of the nervous system.
3. Constant headaches that cannot be relieved with conventional analgesics. This is due to the fact that lymph flow is disrupted.
4. Dizziness, which is most often observed during physical activity.
5. Sleep disorders. People with this condition experience interrupted sleep or insomnia.

Attention In the case of hematomas in the acute period, decompressive trepanation and drainage of the cavity with blood can be performed, but this operation is aimed more at saving life and preventing cerebral edema than at eliminating signs of encephalopathy.

Disease severity

A neurologist deals with brain problems. Based on the nature of damage to brain structures and the symptoms that appear, three degrees of traumatic encephalopathy are determined:

• 1st degree – minor damage to brain tissue (bruise, concussion). External disorders are minimal and not noticeable during communication. A sick person notes increased fatigue, apathy, and poor sleep.
• 2nd degree – deviations in the functioning of the brain manifest themselves in the form of emotional instability, decreased attention, and memory. Symptoms appear sporadically.
• Grade 3 – there are severe neurological abnormalities due to severe brain injury. Serious disorders in the nervous system are manifested by impaired coordination, epileptic attacks, convulsions, psychoses, and dementia.

Based on the degree of the disease, the doctor will prescribe treatment. Without timely therapy, the pathology will develop, moving from one stage to another.

Risk groups for head injury

Post-traumatic encephalopathy is a long-term complication after head injuries of varying severity. The risk group for such injuries includes amateur and professional contact sports athletes. Blows to the head can be received in a fight or accidentally, but they will have serious consequences in the future.

Those injured in a traffic accident risk their health. In case of injury, bruises, or compression in the head area. With a gunshot wound, there is a possibility of developing CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy). People who have fallen from a height are at risk. Even a child who falls out of a chair may have health problems in the future because of it. According to medical observations, more than half of patients with head injuries had subsequent problems with blood supply to the brain.

Encephalopathy in newborns

Post-traumatic encephalopathy of the brain is diagnosed in newborns. It is possible when there is insufficient oxygen during rapid labor, with head injuries while passing through the birth canal, or during a cesarean section. A mild degree of pathology will be manifested by increased excitability of the baby, nervousness, hyper- or hypotonicity of the limbs.

With moderate brain damage, movement disorders, convulsions, hydrocephalic signs, and reflex disorders are possible. Strabismus, marbled skin tone, and swelling of the fontanel are observed.

With encephalopathy, a complex of signs should be observed; individual symptoms can appear in healthy children.

Parents should carefully note any abnormalities in the infant's condition. You should tell your doctor about any abnormalities. Early treatment along with restorative procedures (massage, swimming, gymnastics) will help cope with the problem.

Symptoms of pathology

Manifestations of traumatic encephalopathy will depend on the severity and location of the traumatic brain injury and the size of the damage. The following symptoms are noted:

• throbbing pain in the head;
• dizziness, especially after physical exertion;
• restless sleep;
• involuntary twitching of the pupils;
• aggressive behavior;
• decreased intellectual abilities;
• anxiety, unreasonable fears;
• speech, memory disorder;
• epilepsy attacks.

Signs of the disease appear several months or even years after the injury. This is why it can be difficult to associate symptoms with the incident and make a diagnosis. Often the manifestations of the disease are confused with other pathologies, and the stage of chronic post-traumatic encephalopathy begins.

Carrying out treatment

The doctor examines the patient and makes a diagnosis. It is important to differentiate the disease from other brain lesions, for example, discirculatory encephalopathy (vascular damage). Once the diagnosis is made, a treatment plan is drawn up. It is necessary to protect healthy nerve cells from damage and normalize blood circulation; medications are used for this.

When epilepsy is detected, special medications are prescribed. Vitamins must be prescribed and lifestyle changes are recommended. For rehabilitation therapy, proper rest, being in the fresh air, and giving up bad habits are important.

With an integrated approach, post-traumatic encephalopathy is treatable. Symptoms will reduce their intensity and appear weaker, the person will feel more confident, and their vital functions will be restored. This requires a lot of effort and time.

Post-traumatic encephalopathy is a dangerous disease. It can appear when a person already feels healthy, has forgotten about an accidental head hit or a careless fall. It is important not to waste time while the disease can still be cured; to do this, you need to know the features of its manifestation.

Boxer encephalopathy

See what “Boxer Encephalopathy” is in other dictionaries:

• Encephalopathy - I Encephalopathy (encephalopathia, anat. encephalon brain + Greek pathos suffering, disease; synonym: pseudoencephalitis, cerebropathy, encephalosis) syndrome of diffuse brain damage of a dystrophic nature, caused by... ... Medical Encyclopedia
• traumatic encephalopathy of boxers - (syn.: boxer dementia, Martland syndrome) E. t., which occurs in boxers after repeated traumatic brain injuries (knockouts); manifests itself as an organic psychosyndrome in combination with neurological disorders such as parkinsonism ... Big Medical Dictionary
• Boxer dementia - See Boxer encephalopathy ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
• boxer dementia - (dementia pugilistica) see Traumatic boxer encephalopathy ... Big medical dictionary
• CONCUSSION is a sudden disruption of brain function that occurs immediately after a head injury and is not associated with vascular damage. Due to the fact that there are more and more cars and their speed increases, this type of cranial... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
• Martland syndrome (Martland, 1928) is a post-traumatic encephalopathy that occurs in a significant proportion of boxers who have suffered a series of knockouts and knockdowns in the ring. Characterized by a psychoorganic decline in personality (impaired concentration, weakening... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
• Boxer dementia - (dementia pugilistica) see Traumatic boxer encephalopathy (Encephalopathy) ... Medical encyclopedia
• Martland syndrome - (N.S. Martiand, American neurologist of the 20th century) see Traumatic encephalopathy of boxers (Encephalopathy) ... Medical encyclopedia
• Martland syndrome - (HS Martiand, American neuropathologist of the 20th century) see Traumatic encephalopathy of boxers ... Big medical dictionary
• Martland syndrome - (Martland, 1928). Post-traumatic encephalopathy in boxers. It is characterized by gradually progressive dementia and characteropathic changes (euphoria, severe emotional lability). See Post-traumatic dementia ... Explanatory dictionary of psychiatric terms

ICD 10

The International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, does not include the term “post-traumatic encephalopathy” (PE). The consequences associated with head trauma are coded as “post-concussion syndrome.”

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

This type of pathology is formed due to repeated injuries, including damage from a blast wave.

Who is susceptible to this disease? Mostly professional athletes (boxers, football players) and military personnel suffer from chronic encephalopathy. They must have a history of several closed craniocerebral injuries, including mine blast injuries.

Not every patient with frequent TBI develops post-traumatic damage. Statistics put the figure at about 3% among professional athletes. But in boxers, for example, the number of cases of pathology is higher.

Clinic of CTE: mood disorders (depression, apathy, suicidal thoughts), behavioral problems (aggression and impulsivity), motor dysfunction (parkinsonism or speech disorders often develop), cognitive disorders.

Causes

The cause of encephalopathy is acute trauma. It can be single or multiple. In addition, the severity of the pathology differs (mild, moderate, severe) and the nature of brain damage (bruise, concussion, compression and diffuse axonal damage).

Important! Head injury is the third leading cause of death, second only to cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, the consequence of injury can be the development of disability in able-bodied people.

The main factors of injury:

1. Industrial injuries (including sports);
2. Household (including alcoholic);
3. Military;
4. Road transport;
5. Street (including icy roads).

Among all traumas, childhood birth trauma is distinguished. Prevention of injury is an important factor in preventing the development of this type of encephalopathy.

So, the formation of PE is influenced by the severity, type and frequency of injury. But scientists have not yet identified obvious patterns in the development of this severe complication. In some cases, even with mild TBI, changes occur like post-traumatic encephalopathy.

At-risk groups

Boxers are primarily susceptible to the disease. In the last century, extensive research has been conducted to study post-traumatic brain changes associated with chronic trauma. After all, it led not only to disability, but also to death. However, the movement to ban professional boxing was not supported. And sad examples from the careers of boxers are known in the 21st century.

The second risk group is the military. This group of patients experiences severe neurological and psychiatric disorders after military operations. But mine-explosive trauma has the greatest damage.

Age characteristics

In adults, post-traumatic encephalopathy develops in adult working age. Its severity depends on the injury received. Sometimes even frequent mild TBIs lead to the development of post-traumatic complications.

After injury in old age, encephalopathy develops quite often. The adaptive abilities of the brain are reduced. Hypoxia after injury is enhanced by vascular atherosclerotic changes.

Childhood trauma often results in head injuries. However, at a young age the consequences quickly disappear. Severe encephalopathy develops after serious lesions. In children, PE may be congenital. It is often preceded by trauma received during childbirth.

Traumatic brain injury has stages of development of the pathological process. On the first day, the syndrome of direct neuronal damage and subsequent cerebral edema dominate. Later, changes occur in the blood supply system. This leads to oxygen starvation.

During an injury, the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is disrupted. When neuronal regeneration is poor, the cells are replaced by connective tissue. This leads to the formation of scarring and adhesions. When inflammation becomes chronic or the immune mechanisms fail, an autoimmune process develops.

Post-traumatic encephalopathy of the brain: treatment, code according to ICD-10

As the name suggests, post-traumatic encephalopathy is a disease that occurs as a result of a previous traumatic brain injury. In this case, the development of pathology does not occur immediately, but over a certain period of time.
Sometimes the effects of an injury can take a month to appear, and in some cases even after several years. Encephalopathy develops as a result of insufficient oxygen reaching the brain or obstructed blood circulation. The manifestation of primary symptoms and the severity of the disease depends on the location of the injury, the degree of its severity, the patient’s age, lifestyle, absence of bad habits and the condition of the blood vessels.

Description of the pathology

Post-traumatic encephalopathy is a whole complex of disorders that occur after mechanical brain injury of varying severity. As a result of a traumatic brain injury, mental, mental, and vestibular disorders begin, which significantly complicate the life of the injured person. In difficult cases, the patient may become disabled.

Brain damage after injury can develop quickly, contribute to the progression of the disease, and lead to death. More often, the pathology proceeds slowly, not threatening life, but weakening health. A person is forced to constantly visit doctors, trying to find the cause of his illness. This cannot be done because it is difficult to connect a past head injury with a current illness.

According to medical statistics, up to 80% of patients show signs of post-traumatic encephalopathy after moderate or severe head injuries. The severity of changes in brain structures depends on correct diagnosis and timely treatment.

In the classification of diseases, traumatic encephalopathy does not have its own code. In ICD-10, the number T90.5 is used, that is, “Consequences of intracranial injury.” If there is tissue edema, code G91 “Acquired hydrocephalus.”

Severity and manifestations of consequences of brain damage

Depending on the severity of brain disorders, it is customary to distinguish three degrees of post-traumatic encephalopathy:

• I - the mildest, manifested by minimal disorders, which may not be noticeable externally and during communication, but the patient himself feels tired, may sleep poorly, and be apathetic;
• II degree - signs of emotional instability appear, attention and memory decrease, insomnia, depressive disorders, asthenia, which are periodic in nature, are not uncommon;
• III degree - the most severe and unfavorable, accompanied by obvious neurological symptoms - seizures, parkinsonism, loss of coordination, paresis, a sharp decrease in intelligence, psychosis, etc.

in the photo: an example of the consequences of regular head injuries in an athlete, a professional American football player, chronic traumatic encephalopathy

The diagnosis of the disease must indicate the depth of the disorder and characteristic manifestations (paralysis, paresis, dementia, etc.). Post-traumatic encephalopathy does not have its own category in the International Classification of Diseases, but its ICD 10 code is T90.5 (consequences of a traumatic brain injury).

Sometimes you can see another code - G93.8, which includes some specified diseases of the brain and may include post-traumatic encephalopathy. The patient and his relatives do not need to know these designations, but they may appear on the certificate of incapacity for work and other medical documents.

The symptoms of post-traumatic encephalopathy are extremely diverse and fit into several syndromes:

1. Hypertensive-hydrocephalic;
2. Convulsive;
3. Astheno-vegetative;
4. Vestibulopathy and parkinsonism;
5. Progressive dementia.

Depending on the severity of the injury, symptoms may be subtle or more pronounced. Manifestations will also be more pronounced in patients with existing vascular lesions (atherosclerosis, hypertension), which are more often diagnosed in older people.

The most common complaint of patients who have suffered severe head injuries is cranialgia, which is not relieved by taking the usual analgesics. With hydrocephalic syndrome, the headache occurs in the morning, and at its height, vomiting is possible, which does not make the patient feel better.

Constant headaches, loss of strength, difficulties in performing intellectual tasks aggravate the already increasing asthenia, provoke neurotic disorders, and deplete the nervous system. Characteristic sleep disturbances include insomnia, restless sleep with frequent awakenings, and daytime sleepiness.

During physical activity, dizziness is clearly manifested, although in severe forms of brain damage it, along with headaches, can be a constant concern. With concomitant atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries, these symptoms will be even more pronounced.

Violations of the vestibular apparatus cause involuntary movements, twitching of individual muscle groups, instability of position and unsteadiness of gait, signs of parkinsonism. For example, it is difficult for a patient to start moving, but once he starts it, he can hardly stop.

A patient with post-traumatic encephalopathy needs outside help, which he has to ask for more and more often, which is why depressive syndrome increases. Mood changes, unmotivated aggression or deep despondency are common.

The patient may withdraw into himself, giving up usual activities and hobbies, communication with loved ones, who become uninteresting.

At the same time, many patients become hypercommunicative with strangers, to whom they describe in detail and colorfully the situation at home, their own well-being and vision of the world, which can bring a lot of problems to the family.

One of the early symptoms of brain damage after injury is a decrease in attention and memory. Patients lose logic, the ability to analyze and coherent thinking. New information is perceived and remembered with great difficulty. Slow speech with active gesticulation is typical; patients seem to answer simple questions at random, and their thoughts are confused.

Personality disorders boil down to a loss of the ability to introspect, decreased self-criticism, and lack of will. Intellectual impairment is especially severe for those people whose profession is associated with intellectual stress and concentration. In severe cases of encephalopathy, these symptoms necessitate recognition of the patient as disabled.

Source: https://neuro-orto.ru/bolezni/encefalopatiya/posttravmaticheskaya.html

Symptoms

The variety of clinical syndromes that comprise post-traumatic encephalopathy makes diagnosis difficult. They force patients to “migrate” from doctor to doctor.

However, all these clinical signs have only one thing in common: they appear after a head injury. Therefore, the treatment will be carried out by a neurologist. The main clinical syndromes of PE are listed below.

Vascular

This complex of signs appears in the late period of injury as a result of damage to the autonomic centers. The following clinical symptoms develop:

• "jumps" in pressure;
• tachycardia;
• vasospasm;
• violation of thermoregulation;
• endocrine system disorders;
• headache;
• problems with sensitivity;
• increased sweating;
• cyanosis of the extremities.

The development of crisis conditions is possible.

Asthenic

This type of disorder most often develops in the post-traumatic period. The patient is characterized by rapid exhaustion. The patient is not capable of long-term concentration. The possibility of intellectual work is reduced.

Main clinical signs:

• sleep disturbance;
• irritability;
• mental lability;
• daytime sleepiness and poor night sleep;
• adynamia.

Disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics

The reason for this is a violation of the production of cerebrospinal fluid. Loss of nutritional fluid may occur when the integrity of the membranes of the brain is damaged. In this case, liquorrhea is formed. Problems can arise with prolonged and irrational use of dehydrating drugs.

Clinical signs:

• - vomit;
• - bursting headaches in the morning;
• - dizziness;
• - unsteady gait.

The patient is apathetic and inhibited, intellectual and mental abilities are reduced. When examined by an ophthalmologist, congestion is detected in the fundus.

Cerebrofocal syndrome

More often formed after severe TBI. Symptoms of higher nervous activity, cortical and subcortical functions are disrupted, motor skills and sensitivity are lost. The clinical picture depends on the lesion in the brain.

Psychopathological syndrome

The clinical picture is varied. Signs:

• phobic disorders;
• obsessive thoughts;
• depression;
• paranoia;
• agnosia;
• apraxia;
• dementia;
• dysphoria.

Epileptic syndrome

Epilepsy attacks in patients with TBI occur with severe lesions. The incidence is about 10% of cases. In this case, the first attack occurs within the first year after the injury. There are simple and complex partial seizures, secondary generalized lesions.

Features of the course of the disease

There is a group of factors that provoke the appearance of pathological symptoms. Health problems in the first year after injury arise from drinking alcohol, lack of sleep, nervous strain, changing weather, tiring conversation, driving in transport, in a noisy room, after exposure to light effects, overexertion in sports and at work, hypoxia.

The issue of meteosensitivity is controversial for science. It is believed that the human brain has everything necessary to adapt to atmospheric pressure conditions. And only gross violations in his work “disrupt” this adaptation.

Meanwhile, many patients with post-traumatic disorders report a worsening of their condition after a change in weather. The studies analyzed the EEGs of patients with various neurological disorders. They showed changes in the rhythm of brain waves during bad weather conditions. In addition, there is no convincing data on the effect of weather on the health of patients with PE.

Degrees

The likelihood of developing post-concussion syndrome can be predicted using certain criteria.

1. TBI severity. The influence is exerted by the duration of loss of consciousness (more than 5 minutes), retrograde amnesia for at least 12 hours, early occurrence of epileptic seizures (in the first 6 months after injury);
2. Signs include cognitive and autonomic impairment;
3. The influence of post-traumatic changes on the social and professional sphere of the patient’s life.

The severity of post-traumatic encephalopathy is assessed according to the criteria for loss of legal capacity.

Diagnostics

The clinical protocol for examining patients with PE includes an examination by a neurologist, neuroimaging methods, EEG, and some laboratory tests.

An examination by a neurologist after an injury will help identify reflex deficits and focal brain symptoms. The doctor determines the severity of the patient’s condition and sends the patient for examination.

MRI or CT is performed during the acute period of injury. But if pathological signs appear in the long term, then the study can help detect organic brain problems. These are adhesions, hematomas, and impaired lymphatic drainage. In this case, problems are solved promptly.

Several months after the injury, periventricular or subcortical leukoaraiosis may be detected on MRI. If it is possible to conduct functional MRI, then insufficient activation of Brodmann's fields is revealed.

Electroencephalography indicates a problem. However, it is quite difficult to obtain accurate information about the state of the brain from EEG. The technique is important for diagnosing epileptic seizures.

The criteria by which a diagnosis of “post-concussion syndrome” can be made have not been developed. Therefore, such patients often do not receive treatment. This complicates rehabilitation and worsens the prognosis for recovery.

Foreign approach

A concussion can be determined by a blood test. In domestic hospitals, the diagnosis of “concussion” is made on the basis of complaints and clinical symptoms, usually subjective. A CT scan is performed to detect severe complications.

However, the US military has developed and uses the Brain Trauma Indicator blood test (GFAP and UCH-L1 proteins). It is cheaper and more accurate than neuroimaging. It avoids unnecessary radiation exposure. It is carried out in the first 12 hours after injury.

The second test used in the United States is the King-Devig test. It consists of the doctor giving the patient several cards with numbers to look at. It is necessary to quickly list them, while the doctor evaluates the reaction speed and the number of errors. More details about this test in the video.

Louise Hay: high blood pressure and hypertension

Have you been struggling with HYPERTENSION for many years without success?

Head of the Institute: “You will be amazed at how easy it is to cure hypertension by taking it every day...

Read more "

According to the latest statistics, more than 20% of the world's adult population suffers from hypertension. We are talking about those who have already sought medical help and received a similar diagnosis.

However, it is possible that the same number of people continue to live their usual lives, without even knowing what kind of disease is developing in their body and what the danger of hypertension is - headaches, dizziness, rapid pulse, anxiety and aggressiveness; most are accustomed to suppressing them with pills, attributing them to fatigue and stress, instead of going to the doctor, getting examined and starting effective treatment.

Despite the fantastic achievements in the field of modern medicine and its constant development, researchers still cannot say for sure why hypertension begins to develop. After all, certain groups of people live in approximately the same conditions, but not everyone’s blood pressure increases, but only some of them.

Louise Hay has developed a whole theory that explains why and who has high blood pressure and for what reasons hypertension begins to develop. Nervous stress, dissatisfaction with one’s place in life, emotional shock - these, in her opinion, are the culprits of all diseases, and hypertension is no exception.

The table compiled by Louise Hay quite clearly differentiates which organ is affected by which mental problem - viewing it will certainly be interesting for everyone.

What is hypertension and why does it appear?

Hypertension is a human condition in which there is persistently elevated blood pressure, and it may be accompanied by various disorders of target organs - the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and visual organs.

Pressure is considered elevated when the tonometer readings rise above 135/80 mmHg. with sequential three-time measurements over two weeks. A blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg is considered optimal for a person’s well-being and performance.

Hypertension is often the result of other diseases; it can be triggered by:

• Obesity;
• Diabetes;
• Heart pathologies;
• Atherosclerosis;
• Osteochondrosis.

At the same time, arterial hypertension itself can cause other diseases and significantly worsen the patient’s quality of life. The most dangerous complications of hypertension are stroke and myocardial infarction. Although even if it doesn’t come to this, it’s still quite sad to realize that now for the rest of your life you’ll have to stick to a diet, constantly measure your blood pressure, take medications every day, and give up sports and outdoor activities.

But since hypertension is not considered a disease as such, there is no medicine that can completely cure it. You can only control blood pressure with varying success. And continue to look for a universal treatment method that would help get rid of it forever.

Louise Hay believes she has found it. In her opinion, the cause of all diseases is a person’s unfulfilled dreams and aspirations. Based on this, she develops her own method of treating hypertension.

Louise Hay on the causes of hypertension

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Blood pressure is created when blood circulates through a person's veins and arteries. According to Louise Hay, human blood is a symbol of joy and desire to live. If he lives a monotonous, gray life, he has no prospects, every new day is similar to the previous one and does not bring any joy and hope (as it seems to a depressed patient), stagnant processes begin.

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At the same time, they affect not only the spiritual world of a person, but also his body. Blood literally begins to circulate more slowly - Louise Hay is convinced of this. The world around a person is seething and living a fast-paced life; there are many new, interesting, joyful and bright things in it. But absorbed in dull life and everyday hassles, the patient will not notice this.

He cannot break out of this vicious and very dangerous circle on his own, and often does not want to. Louise Hay believes: emotional trauma, mental imbalance, dissatisfaction, hidden resentment, not even necessarily towards a specific person, but simply towards one’s fate and the whole world, cause high blood pressure and arterial hypertension.

When the patient crosses the 40-year mark, he begins to evaluate his past life, analyze what he has achieved and how he lives - and is disappointed because not a single dream has become a reality. And, as he believes, he won’t. Such thoughts are depressing and lead to deep depression. And depression leads to the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system, says Louise Hay.

Vasospasm occurs under the influence of psycho-emotional stress. Blood can no longer circulate normally through the veins and arteries, resulting in increased blood pressure and arterial hypertension.

All diseases that arise in the human body are programmed by the human body on a subconscious level - this is what the American writer and researcher is sure of. If a person gets sick, it means that he himself wanted it at this stage of life, he needs it. In this way, he attracts attention to himself, since he cannot solve his internal unresolved problems in any other way.

To begin treatment, the patient must first understand his illness, realize the fact that he created it for himself. And after that, understand yourself and find the true reason why he did it.

It is with her decision that the treatment of hypertension according to the Louise Hay method begins.

How to treat hypertension using the Louise Hay method

What does Louise Hay suggest to prevent the progression of hypertension and restore blood pressure levels? What medicine does she think will be effective for vascular diseases? Everything is very simple.

It’s enough just to repeat mentally or out loud every day: “I happily forgive past grievances. Peace and harmony always reign in my soul.” The only way to get rid of diseases is to be able to feel the joy of life again. You need to look around and learn to notice the positive and the good, and not concentrate on the negative.

Louise Hay bases her method of treating hypertension on the following points:

1. You need to start your day with sincere gratitude to all the people around you and the world for giving you the opportunity to live in it and among them. If it seems that this is very difficult, it is worth remembering all the disabled people and people with disabilities who would give a lot just to walk on two legs, have two arms, move independently, work, live and love like everyone else.
2. You need to try to do only what you really like, even if this means radically changing your life, changing your place of work and circle of acquaintances.
3. Hang out only with those people who are pleasant and loved. You should absolutely not communicate with those who are unpleasant.
4. Do not give up vacations and days off from work. You must take them and at least sometimes, at least one day, devote only to yourself, your hobbies and thoughts.
5. You should definitely get enough sleep every day. In order to fully recover and feel energetic, an active adult needs at least 8 hours of good sleep.
6. If necessary, you can make an appointment with a psychotherapist. Some patients cannot even admit to themselves their true desires and aspirations. A professional doctor will help with this and make your life much easier.
7. Finally, you should write a list of 100 points, each of which will be your deepest desire. Before adding your desire to this list, you should think carefully and analyze whose it really is. Many desires are imposed on people from childhood by parents, friends, colleagues, bosses, and society. You should not think about such desires, because they will not bring happiness and peace.

Louise Hay is convinced that happiness and freedom from illness are possible only when all desires coming from the depths of the soul and heart are fulfilled. Or at least the person will be on the path to their implementation.

Louise Hay table - what is it

The table of the American researcher is quite extensive and it is not possible to present it in this article. The table lists the most common human diseases, the psychological reasons that caused them, according to Louise Hay, and the attitudes that a person must remember and constantly repeat if he wants to recover.

Hypertension and artery problems are just small columns in this table. But since arterial hypertension is very rarely isolated, as a rule, it is accompanied by other pathologies, hypertensive patients will be interested in familiarizing themselves with this table in full. It's easy to find it on the Internet. It’s better to buy one of Louise Hay’s books if you are seriously interested in her theory.

As mentioned above, Louise Hay considers arteries a source of joy. And if problems arise with them, blood pressure disturbances occur in one direction or another, it means that the patient has lost his taste for life, the world around him has ceased to interest him. It is difficult to say how effective the installations alone will be in this case.

Arterial hypertension is indeed often caused by nervous overstrain. Therefore, if the patient is reassured by Louise Hay’s attitudes and put into a positive mood, it definitely won’t make things worse - internal balance benefits everyone, not just hypertensive patients.

However, doctors do not deny the harm that the human body experiences with constant suppression of emotions. If you hold back your disappointment, anger, resentment, sooner or later it will lead to a nervous breakdown. It happens differently for each person. Some people actually throw tantrums, breaking dishes and screaming. And some endure it silently, losing sleep and appetite.

All this has a very bad effect on the functioning of the heart, forcing it to work in extreme mode. It ceases to cope with its functions, and hence additional complications arise. So you shouldn’t be surprised if a person who is completely healthy and prosperous for everyone suddenly experiences a hypertensive crisis or a heart attack.

According to Louise Hay's theory, he simply suppressed his emotions for a very long time and did not live the life he would like to live.

As a summary

When a patient is diagnosed with arterial hypertension, all treatment methods are good - as long as the patient does not get worse and the condition remains stable. But at the same time, you need to be aware that if the disease has already affected the target organs and irreversible changes have occurred in the tissues, you can no longer do without traditional medicine and special medications.

Why, then, is Louise Hay’s technique needed at all? Everything is very simple. With its help, you can stop the progression of the disease and prevent the development of new complications. And this is already a lot. In addition, a calm, peaceful, positive patient always has a better chance of recovery than a gloomy and angry one.

A person who is calm and enjoys every new day is ready to be distracted from his illness; it is not so difficult for him to endure dieting and giving up many of life’s pleasures; he is interested in those around him and strives to live like other healthy people, and not like a terminally ill person.

So, the method of treating hypertension according to Louise Hay’s method and all her books can be recommended to those patients who are prone to depression, suspiciousness, restlessness, aggressiveness or, on the contrary, apathy. But at the same time, the patient should not forget about drug treatment and regular visits to the doctor. Such an integrated approach will certainly yield results very soon. In the video in this article, Louise Hay will tell you what to do with yourself and your health.

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Treatment

Medications are used in the treatment of post-traumatic disorder. Drugs are prescribed that reduce brain hypoxia and stimulate mental activity. Doctors have pills in their arsenal that affect autonomic disorders and the emotional background of the patient.

Approaches

• Conservatively

In domestic medicine, courses of neuroprotective drugs, nootropics, and antioxidants are used to treat post-traumatic disorder. Actovegin, Piracetam, Solcoseryl, Cerebrolysin are used.

These drugs are recommended to be administered intravenously in a hospital setting. However, evidence-based medicine does not confirm their effectiveness. Their mechanism of action is unknown. And the risk of side effects is high. In addition, inpatient treatment contributes to the irrational use of bed capacity in large hospitals.

Antidepressants are used to treat depressive disorders and other behavioral problems. Taking pills is effective when simultaneously conducting psychotherapy. Individual and group lessons can be used.

For complications such as mania and anxiety disorders, antipsychotics are used. Any appointment is possible after consultation with a psychiatrist. After all, the negative impact of these drugs is great. Sometimes dopaminergic receptor stimulants (used for parkinsonism) are prescribed to stimulate the patient's activity after injury. Seizures are controlled with antiepileptic drugs.

• Promptly

Surgical treatment is possible for serious consequences of injury. For example, if there are changes in liquor dynamics, stenting operations are possible. The percentage of surgical treatment for post-traumatic encephalopathy is quite low.

• After discharge

An important stage of rehabilitation is the restoration of physical activity and occupational therapy. Some patients require complete restoration of basic skills (writing, speaking, reading). This stage is carried out by a neuropsychologist.

Sometimes the patient needs to change his usual mode of existence. An occupational therapist helps him with this. He adapts the environment of the room and workplace to the patient’s capabilities.

Computer programs are used for cognitive rehabilitation. They allow the patient to learn new words, restore old skills, develop memory, reaction, and attention. Unfortunately, the methods are rarely used in domestic medicine.

Forecast

The success of rehabilitation depends on the severity of the injury and conservative therapy. In severe TBI, the consequences can disable the patient. In any case, an approximate prognosis can be made during the first year of illness.

It is the first twelve months that are important for a comprehensive recovery program. Once this period has passed, rehabilitation will be less successful.

Complications

In some cases, permanent disability occurs after injury. However, most often rehabilitation within 2.5 months allows the patient to be able to work again.

Typical complications are:

• Arachnoiditis;
• Hydrocephalus;
• The appearance of focal neurological symptoms;
• Arterial hypertension.

Disability

Disability develops in patients after TBI with persistent loss of ability to work and the inability to perform their previous professional duties.

Determining the degree of loss of legal capacity and establishing a group is carried out by a medical and social examination. The referral is given by the attending physician. It is mandatory to provide the commission with a complete examination, extracts from the outpatient card and epicrises of previous hospitalizations.

Army

The decision on a person’s suitability for military service is made by a military commission. This will be affected by the severity of the injury suffered, the degree of disability at the time of conscription (established by the ITU), and the symptoms of post-traumatic encephalopathy (seizures are a contraindication for military service).

Mild encephalopathy is not a contraindication for military service. In case of the second degree of severity, the conscript is given a deferment and assigned category “B”. He is fit for service only in wartime. And with the third degree of severity, category “D” is assigned. The patient is not fit for military service.

The development of encephalopathy after injury is a rare and serious complication. It leads to permanent disability in severe cases. But even mild forms of the disease can significantly affect a person’s health and cognitive abilities. Any head injury is a reason for examination and follow-up by a neurologist.

Interpretation of ECG in adults and children, norms in tables and other useful information

Basic Rules

When studying the results of a patient’s examination, doctors pay attention to such components of the ECG as:

• Teeth;
• Intervals;
• Segments.

There are strict normal parameters for each line on the ECG tape, the slightest deviation from which may indicate disturbances in the functioning of the heart.

Cardiogram analysis

The entire set of ECG lines is examined and measured mathematically, after which the doctor can determine some parameters of the work of the heart muscle and its conduction system: heart rhythm, heart rate, pacemaker, conductivity, electrical axis of the heart.

Today, all these indicators are studied by high-precision electrocardiographs.

Sinus rhythm of the heart

This is a parameter that reflects the rhythm of heart contractions that occur under the influence of the sinus node (normal).
It shows the coherence of the work of all parts of the heart, the sequence of processes of tension and relaxation of the heart muscle. The rhythm is very easy to determine by the highest R waves: if the distance between them is the same throughout the entire recording or deviates by no more than 10%, then the patient does not suffer from arrhythmia.

Heart rate

The number of beats per minute can be determined not only by counting the pulse, but also by ECG. To do this, you need to know the speed at which the ECG was recorded (usually 25, 50 or 100 mm/s), as well as the distance between the highest teeth (from one vertex to another).

By multiplying the recording duration of one mm by the length of the segment RR, one can obtain the heart rate. Normally, its indicators range from 60 to 80 beats per minute.

Excitation source

The autonomic nervous system of the heart is designed in such a way that the contraction process depends on the accumulation of nerve cells in one of the zones of the heart.
Normally, this is the sinus node, impulses from which disperse throughout the nervous system of the heart. In some cases, the role of pacemaker can be taken over by other nodes (atrial, ventricular, atrioventricular). This can be determined by examining the P wave - inconspicuous, located just above the isoline.

Conductivity

This is a criterion showing the process of impulse transmission. Normally, impulses are transmitted sequentially from one pacemaker to another, without changing the order.

Electric axis

An indicator based on the process of ventricular excitation. Mathematical analysis of the Q, R, S waves in leads I and III allows us to calculate a certain resulting vector of their excitation. This is necessary to establish the functioning of the branches of the His bundle.

The resulting angle of inclination of the heart axis is estimated by its value: 50-70° normal, 70-90° deviation to the right, 50-0° deviation to the left.

Teeth, segments and intervals

Waves are sections of the ECG lying above the isoline, their meaning is as follows:

• P – reflects the processes of contraction and relaxation of the atria.
• Q, S – reflect the processes of excitation of the interventricular septum.
• R – process of ventricular excitation.
• T – process of relaxation of the ventricles.

Intervals are ECG sections lying on the isoline.

• PQ – reflects the propagation time of the impulse from the atria to the ventricles.

Segments are sections of an ECG, including an interval and a wave.

• QRST – duration of ventricular contraction.
• ST – time of complete excitation of the ventricles.
• TP – time of electrical diastole of the heart.

Normal for men and women

Interpretation of the ECG of the heart and normal indicators in adults are presented in this table:

Healthy Childhood Outcomes

Interpretation of the results of ECG measurements in children and their norm in this table:

Dangerous diagnoses

What dangerous conditions can be determined by ECG readings during interpretation?

Extrasystole

This phenomenon is characterized by an abnormal heart rhythm. The person feels a temporary increase in contraction frequency followed by a pause. It is associated with the activation of other pacemakers, which, along with the sinus node, send an additional volley of impulses, which leads to an extraordinary contraction.

Arrhythmia

It is characterized by a change in the periodicity of sinus rhythm, when impulses arrive at different frequencies. Only 30% of such arrhythmias require treatment, because can provoke more serious diseases.

In other cases, this may be a manifestation of physical activity, changes in hormonal levels, the result of a previous fever and does not threaten health.

Bradycardia

It occurs when the sinus node is weakened, unable to generate impulses with the proper frequency, as a result of which the heart rate slows down, down to 30-45 beats per minute.

Tachycardia

The opposite phenomenon, characterized by an increase in heart rate of more than 90 beats per minute. In some cases, temporary tachycardia occurs under the influence of severe physical exertion and emotional stress, as well as during illnesses associated with increased temperature.

Conduction disturbance

In addition to the sinus node, there are other underlying pacemakers of the second and third orders. Normally, they conduct impulses from the first-order pacemaker. But if their functions weaken, a person may feel weakness and dizziness caused by depression of the heart.

It is also possible to lower blood pressure, because... the ventricles will contract less frequently or arrhythmically.

Why there might be differences in performance

In some cases, when re-analyzing the ECG, deviations from previously obtained results are revealed. With what it can be connected?

• Different times of the day. Typically, an ECG is recommended to be done in the morning or afternoon, when the body has not yet been exposed to stress factors.
• Loads. It is very important that the patient is calm when recording an ECG. The release of hormones can increase heart rate and distort indicators. In addition, it is also not recommended to engage in heavy physical labor before the examination.
• Eating. Digestive processes affect blood circulation, and alcohol, tobacco and caffeine can affect heart rate and blood pressure.
• Electrodes. Incorrect application or accidental displacement can seriously change the indicators. Therefore, it is important not to move during recording and to degrease the skin in the area where the electrodes are applied (the use of creams and other skin products before the examination is highly undesirable).
• Background. Sometimes extraneous devices can affect the operation of the electrocardiograph.

Additional examination techniques

Holter

A method of long-term study of heart function, possible thanks to a portable compact tape recorder that is capable of recording the results on magnetic film. The method is especially good when it is necessary to study periodically occurring pathologies, their frequency and time of appearance.

Treadmill

Unlike a conventional ECG, which is recorded at rest, this method is based on the analysis of results after physical activity. Most often, this is used to assess the risk of possible pathologies not detected on a standard ECG, as well as when prescribing a course of rehabilitation for patients who have suffered a heart attack.

Phonocardiography

Allows you to analyze heart sounds and murmurs.
Their duration, frequency and time of occurrence correlate with the phases of cardiac activity, which makes it possible to assess the functioning of the valves and the risks of developing endo- and rheumatic carditis. A standard ECG is a graphical representation of the work of all parts of the heart. Many factors can affect its accuracy, so you should follow your doctor's recommendations.

The examination reveals most pathologies of the cardiovascular system, but additional tests may be required for an accurate diagnosis.

Finally, we suggest watching a video course on decoding “An ECG can be done by everyone”: