What does cowardice lead to? What is cowardice and how to deal with it? Attitude towards cowardice

In ethics

Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics associated cowardice with a lack of confidence. Aristotle considered recklessness to be the opposite of cowardice, an excess of confidence, and the “golden mean,” courage, was characterized by a proper balance of confidence and fear[4]. In warfare, however, the haste associated with recklessness is not considered as serious a vice as cowardice, since it is easier for a commander to keep excess confidence under control, and a soldier who commits a reckless act is likely to die, while a coward survives and continues to sow panic among others. ].

"Eugene Onegin". Public opinion

Our favorite work by the brilliant Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin describes a similar situation in which the main character Eugene Onegin finds himself. He receives a challenge to a duel from Vladimir Lensky, towards whom he does not feel any hostility, but, fearing condemnation from society, accepts the challenge. For fear of being branded a coward, Onegin becomes one.

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The meaning of the word “cowardice” in this situation can be represented as the inability to do the right thing under fear of public opinion. In contrast, we can use as an example the act of Tatyana Larina, who, unafraid of the opinion of society, herself declares her love to Onegin. And years later she again confesses her love to him, but does the right thing, thereby proving that loyalty is not an empty phrase for her.

In religion

Cowardice is given little attention in the Bible, although even such key Old Testament figures as Abraham[6] and David[7] are susceptible to it. In the New Testament, synonyms for cowardice appear very rarely (the noun appears once in 2 Timothy 1:7), and always in a context that invites believers not to be afraid to testify to the word of God[8]. At the same time, the New Testament describes cases of cowardice, examples are Pilate, who was frightened by the threats of the Jews “If you let Him go, you are not a friend of Caesar” [9] and the Apostle Peter, who, out of fear, “forgot” about his acquaintance with Christ at the time of His arrest [10]. Directly, almost unexpressed - but obvious - negative attitude towards cowardice is manifested in biblical phraseological units, for example, in Ukrainian. smilivy yak Saint Peter (“brave, like Saint Peter,” that is, a coward)[10]. According to Yu. V. Shcherbatykh, “cowardice and selfishness are not among the classic biblical sins, but they did a lot to ensure that other vices flourished”[11]. However, the Revelation of John the Theologian begins the list of those whose fate during the end of the world will be the lake of fire (Rev. 21:8), with the “fearful”[12].

Islam condemns cowardice in battle in the most severe way[13]: “Whoever turns his back on them [the infidels] on that day... will incur the wrath of Allah. His refuge is Gehenna, and this perversion is bad!”[14].

How to deal with cowardice?

Let's divide this point into two large parts: in-depth study of oneself and situational principles of combating “attacks of cowardice.”

If we are ready to study the problem in depth, we look at all possible points that could lead to the formation of this way of responding to the situation:

Situational principles of struggle are also aimed at developing self-control. These include breathing exercises that reduce feelings of tension and readiness for impulsive actions; and express methods that allow you to concentrate on an important motive; and, finally, methods that allow you to “create” “helpers” for yourself or find internal reserves so as not to chicken out.

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The story "Young Years" by Archibald Joseph Cronin tells the story of an Irish boy who ends up in an English school. The boy was short, frail, his classmates bullied him, but he could not answer. He complained all the time to his grandfather, with whom he lived, but he always advised him the same thing: “You have to fight, and not just fight, but fight with the strongest in the class.” One day the boy agreed, and his grandfather taught him boxing. An additional difficulty was that he felt something like sympathy for his strongest classmate, because he did not pester him. And yet, he publicly challenged him to a fight, he received a good beating himself, but since then the attitude towards him in the class has changed, and he generally became friends with his opponent.

Several times, while working at school, I gave this book to read to those who, it seemed to me, needed it. I understood that we need to help them cope, this is just an internal state of cowardice, characteristic of so many. The main thing is to help overcome it.

Children's cowardice is often rooted in their parents' anxiety. It develops from the natural timidity of a weak creature. That is why insecurity at home is so harmful, and even worse is the suppression of the individual in elementary school, where the sergeant-major teacher puts everyone in the Procrustean bed of her ignorance, thereby instilling the worst social skill - the ability to keep a low profile and obey.

In addition, timidity or courage are innate qualities. Psychologist Viktor Frankl describes the following episode: “During the First World War, a Jewish military doctor was sitting in a trench with his non-Jewish friend, an aristocratic colonel, when heavy shelling began. The colonel teased his friend, saying: “You’re afraid, aren’t you? Another proof of the superiority of the Aryan race over the Semitic." “Of course, I’m afraid,” the doctor answered, “but as for superiority, if you, my dear colonel, were as afraid as I am, you would have fled long ago.” What is significant is not our fears or our anxiety, but how we relate to them” 1 .

It turns out that courage is the energy of overcoming fear, divided by the amount of cowardice. And on the segment of the human path from the just emerging inclinations of cowardice to cowardice as a personality quality, of course, a lot can happen. The process is reversible.

In addition to personal circumstances, much depends on the social environment and values ​​​​accepted in society. When the environment is unsafe and values ​​are blurred, there can even be an epidemic of cowardice. In the accelerating unpredictability of the outside world, it is much easier for a child to chicken out. When his actions are not motivated, that is, not appreciated, he has nothing to cling to: he feels neither support nor condemnation of his actions.

After all, courage is not only the ability to fight, but also the ability not to go with the flow, to defend one’s principles, without fear, if something happens, of being left alone or temporarily losing one’s well-being. And cowardice is an infantile reaction to circumstances where the most important meaning is to preserve oneself at all costs. Perhaps this is the only reaction to pain, imagination, stress. What kind of society do we live in? Where it is selfish to remain silent, to abstain indifferently means to be condemned; where not to stand up for a girl or abandon a comrade in trouble is unworthy of respect? Or, on the contrary, where career ascension “over the heads” is considered valor, subordination to superiors regardless of one’s own opinion (which usually does not exist) is considered corporate solidarity, and the ability to earn money (no matter how) is the highest quality of mind? The moral atmosphere in society always contributes to the formation in a person of either social courage or cowardice.

In jurisprudence

Civil and military justice treat cowardice in diametrically opposed ways. In civil law, cowardice is considered so characteristic of a person that it justifies one of the circumstances that excludes the criminality of an act - an extreme necessity. According to N. S. Tagantsev, a person cannot be punished for the fact that he does not have special spiritual strength, heroism, or for the fact that a feeling of personal danger suppresses him. Exceptions are made to this rule if a person, by his rank or occupation, or by virtue of a requirement of the law, was obliged to endure the harm that threatened him.

All military criminal codes, in one form or another, on the contrary, adhere to the general rule: violation of duties of service out of fear of personal danger is punished as an intentional act. In addition, a number of different acts are provided for, the essential feature of which is cowardice - abandoning a post in battle, fleeing the battlefield, voluntary surrender - which are usually considered treason.

The US Courts Martial Manual defines cowardly behavior as “refusal to perform or failure to perform duties in the vicinity of the enemy due to fear.”[3]

“Courage and cowardice as an indicator of a person’s inner strength”

Introduction

Courage and cowardice originate deep within a person in childhood. Awareness of one's own spiritual power is the result of the upbringing and living conditions of a growing person. It is these two concepts that are responsible for how strong a person becomes, how prepared he will be for the life ahead.

Problem

The problem of courage and cowardice, which are indicators of a person’s inner spiritual strength and the strength of his character, is especially relevant in our time.

Thesis No. 1

Today, like several centuries ago, there are people who find the courage to confront environmental conditions. The cowardice of others does not allow them to change anything in life; they are so numb with fear of reality that they are ready to easily give up what they have.

Argumentation

So in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" we see two types of people in the example of Tikhon Kabanov and his wife Katerina. Tikhon is weak, he is cowardly, unable to fight the despotism of his mother. He cannot change anything in his life, although he is completely dissatisfied with it. Katerina finds the strength and courage to resist the current circumstances, even at the cost of her own life. At least, the reader feels much more respect for Katerina than for her husband.

Conclusion

We must be strong so that in moments when it is necessary, we can withstand the blow of life or make vital decisions. Our inner courage will allow us to overcome any difficulties. You cannot allow cowardice to take precedence over your desires and aspirations.

Thesis No. 2

Attempts to overcome oneself, fighting one's own cowardice or cultivating courage within, can lead a person to complete collapse. Be that as it may, it is very important to live in harmony with yourself.

Argumentation

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, tried to endow himself with qualities that were not inherent to him. He substituted concepts and considered cowardice what was actually the strength of his character. In trying to change himself, he destroyed the lives of many people, including his own.

Conclusion

You need to accept yourself as you are. If something really dissatisfies you, for example, you lack courage of character, then you need to fight spiritual cowardice gradually, preferably with the support of loved ones.

Thesis No. 3

Spiritual courage invariably gives rise to courage in action. Emotional cowardice foretells cowardice in action.

Argumentation

In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" we meet two heroes close in age and upbringing - Pyotr Grinev and Shvabrin. Only Grinev is the embodiment of courage and spiritual strength, which allowed him to overcome all life’s trials with dignity. And Shvabrin is a coward and a scoundrel, ready to sacrifice everyone around him for his own well-being.

Conclusion

A person who behaves with dignity, nobility and steadfastness undoubtedly has courage, a special inner core that helps solve newly emerging problems. He who is cowardly is helpless before the justice of life.

General conclusion (conclusion)

From childhood, a child needs to be instilled with courage and the ability to withstand life’s difficulties. The older a person gets, the more difficult it is for him to rebuild. Therefore, the internal ability to cope with difficulties must be cultivated almost from birth.

Cowardice and natural selection

The influence of cowardice on natural selection has occupied evolutionary biologists since Darwin, who noted that the instinct of self-preservation is very common - many cowards consider themselves brave simply because they have never looked an enemy in the face. The mechanism of evolutionary preservation of cowardice, as a manifestation of one of the most basic instincts, is obvious: avoidance of danger increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction, and therefore should be genetically predominant [15]. The question of the evolutionary conservation of courage is more complex, since persistence in the face of danger results in the loss of genetic material. Researchers have proposed several mechanisms for the evolutionary preservation of courage, for example, protecting children and blood relatives may increase the chances of preserving one's genetic material (cf. the work of W. D. Hamilton).

Darwin offered another explanation for the loss of genetic material in the case of cowardice: a brave tribe can defeat a cowardly one by eliminating or diluting the latter's heredity. A. V. Horwitz offers[15] his explanation: cowardice is a natural character trait, but social norms force men to overcome it, especially in a war situation[15]. P. Rubin (English)Russian[16] combines both approaches: "no (surviving) society encourages behavior that weakens the ability to fight", in particular, all cultures condemn cowardice among young men. There are two known examples of tribes that do not stigmatize cowardice (and, as a result, are afraid of everything): Bukhids (English) Russian. in the Philippines and Semai[remove template] in Malaysia. K. Walsh notes that the small number of such groups of people emphasizes that cowardice is not the best way to survive [17] and notes the work of evolutionary biologists who explain the noisy reactions of many animal species (for example, squirrels) in case of danger by natural selection - although the noisy behavior of one individual increases the risk for it, the chances of survival of the group increase[18]. Walsh believes that differentiation in response to danger, noticeable even in aphids, indicates that some mixture of cowardice and courage is necessary for the survival of a species in its population [19].

How to get rid of cowardice

There are plenty of ways to get rid of cowardice. They are based on the implementation of practical psychology, on spiritual, moral and even physical principles. The Internet and libraries are replete with articles and books that suggest that you can immediately remove everything by hand and get rid of the disease of cowardice.

The fact is that cowardice is a personal psychological manifestation. But a person and his personality are a purely individual thing, and therefore there simply cannot be universal methods that will suit everyone. And some authors have not fully understood the difference between fear and cowardice. Therefore, by titling your book or article as a panacea for cowardice, they offer ways to combat fears. So, to start fighting cowardice, you need to:

1. Understand its reasons.

Sometimes this may be poor physical development or certain defects in appearance or speech, which in the initial stages cause complexes, further developing into cowardice.

1. Start working to eliminate the physical causes.

If it is a physical defect, it is enough to sign up for a gym, a speech defect - visit a specialist, a defect in appearance - it is possible to hide it by showing off your advantages.

1. Make a list of psychological reasons.

In addition to complexes in appearance, psychological reasons can also lead to cowardice. Write them on a piece of paper. Choose the most insignificant one for yourself. Recreate the situation and try to overcome it. Praise yourself and try hard. Bring things to the point where fear disappears completely. Now you can proceed to the next reason.

1. Use self-hypnosis.

Every achievement in the fight against cowardice must be celebrated. To myself. This will give you strength and help you overcome emerging psychological barriers.

In general, the fight against cowardice is possible and can yield results if there is a desire. However, cowardice and fear should not be confused. Fear, unlike cowardice, is useful for a person and is a catalyst for his sense of self-preservation.

An example of a final essay on the topic “Courage and cowardice as an indicator of inner strength” with examples from literature.

Bravery and cowardice

The concepts of courage and cowardice are not opposites; some philosophers believe that they occupy fundamentally different positions in ethics: the actions of a brave person go beyond what should be done, while cowardice is manifested in failure to perform

debt. People who fail to show courage are not necessarily cowards - they may simply be doing what they have to do.[3] As K. Walsh notes, in everyday speech, the use of the epithet “brave” in relation to some people in a group usually excludes the use of “cowardly” in relation to the rest of the same group and vice versa: in the context of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, those firefighters and police officers who did not went to the World Trade Center buildings are not considered cowards, this is what allows those who went to the towers to be considered brave [20].

A terrible vice

Most cowardly people are cruel. They bully the weak, thereby trying to hide their “fearful illness” from the public. The coward splashes out the accumulated anger and resentment on the victim. Cowardice deprives a person of the ability to reason sensibly. Brutal murders that leave even seasoned criminologists in a cold sweat are most often committed under the influence of fear. This is why cowardice is the most terrible vice.

Because of his excessive fearfulness, a person can live his whole life without knowing what he was capable of. Everyone has the potential to be a courageous person, but by refusing to make decisions or take necessary actions, a person gradually turns into a pathetic coward. Fear is not a sin, it reveals human weaknesses that can be quite successfully overcome, but cowardice is already a vice for which there is no excuse.

You know, dear reader... I realized that admitting cowardice before a fight is much easier than openly talking about another kind of weakness. Perhaps now you won’t even understand what we’re talking about - and then I’m very happy for you. But maybe you are familiar with this type of cowardice firsthand - then we will have something to talk about.

During the Great Patriotic War, our country suffered terrible losses among the male population. And not only quantitative, but also qualitative. Cowards and scum found an opportunity to sit in the rear, but real men, without hesitation, went to the front, into the thick of it. And they often died...

So after the war, the shortage of male education among growing boys was clearly evident. And besides, mothers, seeing how the ranks of men thinned out, instinctively surrounded their boys with increased care. As a result, the first generation of people grew up about whom women began to say with a sigh: “The man today is not the same at all...”

And this is not surprising. It is natural for a woman to protect her child from worries and worries; she is ready to forgive him for any wrongdoing. And after the war, all these qualities showed themselves with redoubled force...

The poet I. Shklyarevsky wrote lines that were piercing in their laconicism:

- Go to sleep! - said the mother. - Get up! - said the father. - Eat! - said the mother. - Study! - said the father.

“I’ll come,” the words are still the same. Yes, but not all the words. All that's left is: - Sleep, eat... And then the grass rustles.

Boys of the post-war years grew up in an atmosphere of increased care and decreased demands. Is it any wonder that, having become dads, they were unable to pass on to their children an example of true masculinity? One of the criteria is a sense of responsibility

for your loved ones.

To be honest, men did not particularly shine with this quality before. But by the end of the 20th century the problem became extremely acute. This was especially clearly demonstrated by the transition to a market that began in the 1990s. Hundreds of thousands of men, having lost their jobs, became depressed and fell on the couch. And their wives began to spin around - they harnessed themselves to the strap of the shuttles, went to sweep the yards and wash the stairwells - just to feed the children...

It is a fact that a family man rarely tries to fight ruinous drunkenness. It is a fact that after divorce, fathers rarely fight for the right to see their children. The fact that many fathers leave a family where a sick child is born is a shameful fact.

It’s both embarrassing and scary to admit that I am one of these kind of men. No, I didn't abandon my daughter after the divorce. But how often do I feel like a small child who is afraid of the burden of responsibility! I, like many children of my generation, did not know a male upbringing; I was surrounded by maternal care and affection - and now I’m almost 40 years old, and I still feel like a confused boy under this huge sky!

Sometimes cowardly thoughts crept into my head: “It would be nice if I didn’t owe anything to anyone...”. But at that very second I ask myself with horror: “Do you want fate to take your loved ones?! Why do you need to live after this?”

And I understand that without my loved ones my life is empty.

Russian men, like no other, need to pay attention to their level of responsibility. I know that we are not accustomed to overcoming difficulties and persistently making our way to the goal. But you have to go - otherwise, in old age, life will present a cruel reckoning with the number of wasted years...

I know we are scared about the future. But there is no need to be afraid of it, because it is by definition unpredictable. “The road will obey the one who walks” - these words were said by our ancestors, among whom there were real men. Their blood still flows in our veins. We are the grandchildren of the winners

. And our task is to overcome our fear of responsibility. After all, our grandfathers did something more - they conquered the fear of death so that we could have life.

A cowardly friend is worse than an enemy, because you fear an enemy, but rely on a friend.

L. Tolstoy

Man is the crown of nature's creation. If we dream of something, it will definitely come true. Problems, obstacles, all kinds of challenges that life throws at you – all this is nothing. Compared to man's greatest enemy: himself.

We can be our own best friends or our own worst enemies. Confidence and courage are a must in order not to act like an opponent of your own endeavors. Everyone has fears. But difficulties begin the moment we allow them to control us. How to stop being a coward and take control of your fears? Let's look at the main methods.

• Notice your fears.
  It all starts with awareness. Think about what is stopping you from being happy? In fact, this process already helps to free yourself from fears. After all, despite their apparent insurmountability, no fears are concrete walls - they are much less powerful than you might think...
• Accept the fact that you are afraid of certain things
  . Many people know that they, for example, suffer from social phobia or a fear of open spaces. But at the same time, they are tormented by a deep intrapersonal conflict - they cannot accept themselves as they are. And this resistance only gives fear even more power. Denial means flight, not fight, as it may seem. Only when you accept yourself with all your shortcomings will there be a real chance to work on them.
• Make decisions quickly.
  You don't have to spend two hours thinking about what to buy for dinner. One of the best ways to confront fear is to not obsess over choices. You need to make decisions quickly, since you cannot become a brave and self-confident person by spending half a day thinking about your every next step. We think every decision is very important. And because of this, we begin to be afraid of making any decisions.

  However, if you choose option “B” over option “A,” nothing catastrophic will actually happen. There will be no consequences, no one will care. So start developing the habit of making quick decisions now. This way you will free up a huge amount of energy that is wasted on hesitation and uncertainty.

• Stop apologizing to everyone
  . You probably think that you always have a good enough reason to apologize. However, we guarantee you that this is not the case. Most likely, you apologize to others or feel like you would like to do so almost constantly without even realizing it. Therefore, try simply not saying the word “sorry” for 24 hours. At all. Believe me, it's more difficult than it seems.

  Keep track of those moments when you would like to apologize automatically, for no apparent reason. It will turn out that most of the “offensive” things you do are actually not offensive at all. Also, using this method, you will be able to discover for yourself that you yourself perceive as an insult actions and things that are far from being such. This will also help in the fight against cowardice.

• In an unpleasant situation, make an action plan in advance.
  It will give you back control over the things that cause you the most anxiety. For example, think ahead about how you plan to eliminate overtime. Imagine the reaction of your superiors or colleagues. Think through your arguments in advance. The usual development of such a plan already significantly helps to reduce the feeling of fear and helplessness.
• Question yourself about everything you do at any given time.
  We are all made up of many habits, but not many of us realize the extent to which these deeply ingrained patterns control our lives. They are especially strong when it comes to fight-or-flight choices. Therefore, when you experience fear, ask yourself the question: “Why am I afraid?” Say it out loud. 99% of the time you will find that the fear is irrational.

  Try to practice these questions in other situations throughout the day. Whatever you do, ask yourself: “Why am I doing this?” These questions can be quite annoying at first. However, they can reveal a lot of new information about you. For example, you may discover a tendency towards procrastination (which, by the way, is also often a consequence of fear), or become aware of the choices that you usually make without thinking.

• How to stop being a coward in personal endeavors?
  Be boring as hell. Let's explain. Whether you would like to write a book, or organize a charity for starving children, or simply open a small business, you are most likely concerned about doing everything perfectly. You make a plan, consult with experts, develop a strategy. What happens next? You don't do anything. And the reason for this is fear. After all, in the imagination all this gives much more pleasure than in reality, where all the responsibility falls on you.

  For example, you want to be a doctor. To become one, you go to medical school, get a job and treat patients. All. But if you want to open your own clinic, then a lot of daunting questions immediately arise in your head. What will my clinic specialize in? Will I find enough patients? What about doctors? Will they be able to perform their duties at the highest level? The difference between these two examples is that an ordinary doctor concentrates on his immediate responsibilities - treating patients. While someone who wants to open his own company thinks about things, half of which exist only in his head.

  If you consider yourself to be in the second category, stop being afraid and do the most routine and everyday work. This way you will bring the fulfillment of your dreams closer and get rid of unnecessary fear of undertakings.

All of the above recommendations work for one reason - they help not to avoid fears, but to resist them.
By implementing these strategies into your daily life, you learn nothing less than to live with fear—which in itself is one of the bravest things in life. Cowardice is the inability to act during a period of real (or perceived as real) threat, criminal weakness or activity during a period of inability to control one’s fear.

Fear is a normal reaction of the body to a threat to the functioning and integrity of the body. It always exists and is found in all people with intact psyche and full development.

However, we all struggle with it both in everyday and extreme situations. We may be afraid to meet the parents of our chosen one, go up in a transparent elevator, and go ask for a promotion from the manager, or we may be afraid to go into battle, realizing the real threat to our lives. But we pull ourselves together and don’t retreat. But some retreat and run away. This is called cowardice.

Sometimes they don’t just “give up”, but are ready to do anything, consciously or not. And it’s one thing when we turn aside in front of the boss’s office. Well, we’ll still sit in a low-paid position. And it’s a completely different matter when, for the sake of personal salvation, cowards are ready to shoot their captured comrades, drown women and children, removing their life jackets during a shipwreck. Therefore, there is always a negative attitude towards cowardice and it is assessed as “criminal” activity or inactivity. From here the differences between fear and cowardice can be clearly seen.

In culture

Among human shortcomings, cowardice is characterized by little attention paid to it by researchers; apparently, there is not a single scientific monograph or even a detailed scientific article on this topic[21]. W. I. Miller (English)Russian when trying to complete his trilogy about vices with a volume about cowardice, he encountered such a shortage of material that the book eventually received the title “The Mystery of Courage”[21].

The influence of the concept of cowardice on public consciousness has been steadily declining for 200 years: from 1800 to 2000, the frequency of appearance of the word “cowardice” in English-language texts decreased fivefold[22]. Previously popular words to describe particularly dangerous cowards. potroon, dastard are practically out of use[23].

Since the early 2000s, there has been a slight increase in the use of the word “cowardice,” which K. Walsh associates with the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the emerging tendency to call terrorists “cowards” [22]. The mass consciousness of Americans has become so accustomed to the latter idea that agreement from the host of the TV show “Politically Incorrect (English) Russian.” Bill Mara with the statement of the guest of the program that the person flying his plane into the building has many shortcomings, but is not a coward, led to outrage and the program was quickly taken off the air[24].

Declension of the noun cowardice (which case)

Declension of words by case in singular and plural.

Scope of use

Idiomatic expression Colloquial expression Diplomatic term Slang General vocabulary

Notes

1. Pavlov Stepan Stepanovich, Maksimova Mira Vasilievna. Cowardice as a mortal sin (using the example of Guy de Maupassant’s “Pyshka” and Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita”)” // Scientific view of modern society: Collection of articles of the International Scientific and Practical Conference June 28, 2020
2. Cowardice // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
3. ↑ 123
   Walsh, 2014, p. 6.
4. Walsh, 2014, p. 5.
5. Walsh, 2014, p. 17.
6. James Barr. History and Ideology in the Old Testament. OUP Oxford, 2000. (English) p. 38.
7. Jackson, Jared J. David's Throne: Patterns in the Succession Story. // Canadian Journal of Theology 11.3 (1965): 183-95. (English). P. 186.
8. II Timothy, I // The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. University Press, 1907. (English)
9. Kuznetsova, 2013, p. 215.
10. ↑ 12
    Kuznetsova, 2013, p. 216.
11. Yuri Shcherbatykh. The Seven Deadly Sins, or the Psychology of Vice. M.: AST, 2009.
12. Walsh, 2014, p. 1.
13. Pakhravova, N. P. On the question of the ethical values ​​of the Koran. // Islamic Studies 1 (2009).
14. al-Anfal 8:15, 16
15. ↑ 123
    Horwitz, 2020.
16. Rubin, Paul H. The state of nature and the evolution of political preferences. // American Law and Economics Review 3.1 (2001): 50-81. (English)
17. Walsh, 2014, p. 46.
18. Walsh, 2014, p. 47.
19. Walsh, 2014, p. 48.
20. Walsh, 2014, p. 7.
21. ↑ 12
    Walsh, 2014, p. 18.
22. ↑ 12
    Walsh, 2014, p. 8.
23. Walsh, 2014, p. 9.
24. Walsh, 2014, p. 4.

Literature

• Cowardice // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
• Adams, Joe K. The neglected psychology of cowardice. // Journal of Humanistic Psychology 5.1 (1965): 57-69. (English)
• Kuznetsova Irina Vladimirovna.
  Biblical phraseology and language game // Siberian Philological Journal. - 2013. - No. 2.
• Allan V. Horwitz.
  Cowardice and Courage // What's Normal?: Reconciling Biology and Culture. — Oxford University Press, 2020. (English)
• Chris Walsh.
  Cowardice: A Brief History. - Princeton University Press, 2014. - 304 p. — ISBN 978-691-17339-9. (English)