Reasoner and reasoning in everyday life are examples and types of thinking deviations

Phenomenology

Reasoning is also called a verbal tumor. How do you even know that a person has this disorder? His speech is filled with overly pretentious and complex expressions, very abstract phrases, terms the interpretation of which the speaker himself does not understand, as well as various concepts that are not appropriate in a particular case.

Perhaps these are the most recognizable signs. A reasoner is a person who is not interested in the final thought. He enjoys the direct process of presenting his ideas. Although the thoughts he expresses are difficult to call this concept. After all, an idea is something concrete, a prototype that exists in the human mind. The reasoner doesn’t have this, he just has a stream of words that are not related to each other in meaning.

Reasoning is a “tendency to fruitless philosophizing,” a “verbal tumor” (I. P. Pavlov). The reasoner uses complex expressions, foreign words, neologisms to explain simple things[1]. Speech is replete with complex logical constructions, fanciful abstract concepts, and terms that are often used without understanding their true meaning.

If a patient with thoroughness strives to answer the doctor’s question as fully as possible, then for patients with reasoning it does not matter whether their interlocutor understood or not. They are interested in the process of thinking itself, and not the final thought. Thinking becomes amorphous, devoid of clear content. When discussing simple everyday issues, patients find it difficult to accurately formulate the subject of the conversation, express themselves in florid ways, and consider problems from the point of view of the most abstract sciences (philosophy, ethics, cosmology).

Characteristics of resonators

So, we should take a closer look at this concept in psychology. A reasoner is a person who simply cannot think concretely. Often his specific thinking is accompanied by excessive emotions, pathos, as well as expression, manifested in huge quantities. All this, of course, looks unnatural. Stilted speech, verbosity, and florid speech are characteristic features inherent in such a person, who is called a “reasoner.” Psychology and medicine treat this as a disease. In fact, this is true. Reasoning is one of the many types of thinking disorders. Scientists classified this disease as a motivational-personal group.

Types of reasoning for various mental pathologies

Reasoning is a disorder of mental activity, expressed in a tendency to complex, intricate reasoning that does not lead to a specific goal. Persons suffering from this disorder are eloquent and verbose, but operate with concepts superficially, turning to the direct lexical meaning of words, not paying attention to the nuances of their use and the meaning of the story. The reasoner does not need to be heard and understood; he speaks solely for the sake of the speaking process.

The tendency to reason often becomes a companion to such psychiatric diseases and disorders as:

epilepsy;
schizophrenia;
oligophrenia;
schizoid personality disorder;
hysterical personality disorder.

According to research by T.I. Tepenitsyn, reasoning is a disorder not only of thinking, but also of the personality as a whole, and its occurrence is due to:

affective thinking;
the desire to bring everyday circumstances under some kind of “idea”.

Often, a reasoner can be distinguished not even based on the characteristics of his speech, but simply by intonation: everything is said pathetically, with a special meaning, significantly. In psychiatry, to diagnose this disorder, one is asked to explain a proverb, saying or catchphrase. Patients can bring Newton’s law to the proverb about the apple and the apple tree, or the idea of the unity of form and content to the saying “not all that is gold...”.

In patients with reasoning, there are no violations of the immediate mental or logical sphere. This syndrome is caused by changes in the personal and motivational sphere. Such patients are characterized by an increased need to express their personal qualities and self-affirmation.

Reasoning thinking can also occur in people without obvious signs of mental illness, if they have characteristic personality traits. In mental illnesses, the picture of personality characteristics is aggravated by disturbances in thinking, distortion of the value system and affective inadequacy of the patient.

Classification and characteristic features of reasoning. Diagnosis and treatment

Reasoning is a thinking disorder characterized by lengthy and detailed reasoning that does not carry any real meaning and does not answer the question asked. The patient operates with superficial and well-known facts, drawing obvious conclusions from them and presenting them as information of incredible importance and depth.

Such patients are extremely verbose and tend to use complex verbal structures and intricate logical chains. As a result, the goal of reasoning becomes the reasoning itself, and not the answer to the question asked or the solution to the problem.

Characteristic signs of reasoning

Reasoning is manifested by typical changes in judgments, including:

tendency to generalize when discussing even the most insignificant objects,
the patient's assessment position,
verbose, pretentious expressions that clearly do not correspond to the situation,
patients use characteristic grammatical structures: special syntax, vocabulary, there are many introductory words and inversions in speech,
the choice of subject of discussion does not correspond to the situation,
lack of self-criticism,
pretentiousness of speech,
confidence in the significance of what is being said,
the use of numerous terms, often not related to the topic under discussion,
tendency to long, verbose discussions.

Patients with reasoning do not need listeners. With outwardly undisturbed behavior and a preserved assessment of the world around them, they are able to talk for hours on topics that interest them, without showing any interest in the presence or attention of their interlocutors.

Another very characteristic symptom for patients with resonant thinking is “ragged” speech. This disorder is characterized by the following features:

In the patient's lengthy reasoning there is no general idea.
Patients are not interested in the attention of their interlocutors, they do not show any interest in other people, their speeches do not imply a response from the audience.
In the speech of patients it is impossible to identify any specific object of reflection.

Patients are prone to lengthy discussions about abstract issues not related to everyday reality. Their speech is stilted, filled with pathetic discussions about banal, everyday problems.

Patients actively use hyperbolization and epithets; all their adjectives are raised to superlatives.

The members of a sentence are often arranged in a non-standard order to give monumentality and solemnity to phrases.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj2J8qlmWtk

Thus, the speech of patients with reasoning is devoid of the main features characteristic of human thinking and communication. For patients, speech is not a way of conveying information to others; they do not use it as a thinking tool.

As mental illness worsens, the picture of reasoning changes. The psychiatric defect and impoverishment, flattening of the personality become more obvious. The speech of patients is saturated with automatisms and cliches, gradually losing its meaningful side.

Reasons for resonant thinking

Reasoning thinking can also occur in people without obvious signs of mental illness, if they have characteristic personality traits. In mental illnesses, the picture of personality characteristics is aggravated by disturbances in thinking, distortion of the value system and affective inadequacy of the patient.

Reasoning is observed in the following diseases:

schizophrenia,
oligophrenia,
epilepsy,
organic brain lesions.

Classification of reasoning

The following types of reasoning thinking are distinguished:

The mannered and resonant type is characterized by the predominance in speech of reasoning on various topics with a discussion of predominantly the formal side of issues. Patients tend to use stereotypical, cliched expressions and express banal thoughts. Their reasoning does not contain rational aspects.
The pretentious type of reasoning thinking is distinguished by a combination of emotional flattening and aesthetics, observation, and subtlety of perception. Reasoning is characterized by an autistic position.
The pedantic type of reasoning is characterized by a penchant for flat jokes and ostentatious wit, combined with a lack of understanding of humor. Patients are quite sociable, but they lack a sense of tact; they present their judgments with pathos, despite their banality.

These features are largely determined by the patient’s personal characteristics and are not related to the disease and its type of course.

Diagnosis of reasoning

Reasoning is revealed during a conversation with the patient. For this purpose, a pathopsychological experiment is used - specially selected questions and tasks. When constructing these questions, the patient’s personal characteristics are taken into account to strengthen his evaluative position and clarify the patient’s opinion on various issues.

For example, a classic way to identify a violation of the logic of thinking is the interpretation of proverbs - the patient is asked to explain how he understands this expression. To identify reasonableness, the patient is additionally asked to express his attitude to this proverb.

Another way to provoke resonant judgments is to ask for a definition of a concept.

A typical example of resonant thinking is the patient’s reasoning about the law of universal gravitation, Newton and science in general in response to a request to explain the proverb “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.”

An example of a poem written by sick reasoning. And the light of oscillating lava galloped into the dark thicket, where the devouring horde of teeth rounded an oval. Not the night of a roaring stronghold with fog woven from ice, but an overripe yellow melon

the late moon was rolling.

The madman whittled out the craft. It was his living portrait. The portrait moved its jaws

And he made scary eyes.

The hetman's lead whip struck. The earth began to spin in the head of the proletarian father.

He fell, trying to maintain the balance of the planet...

Who is a reasoner: how does reasonerism of thinking manifest itself?

According to clinical psychiatry research, reasoning is a pathology of thinking caused under the influence of provoking factors. The cause of the disease may be mental illness and disorders in the anterior and right parts of the left hemisphere of the brain. Reasoning arises due to certain personality disorders, such as hysterical, histrionic (characterized by a thirst for recognition and fame), schizoid (patients divorced from reality, withdrawn and secretive).

The pathological process is also observed in people with characteristic personality characteristics, without signs of mental illness. If reasoning is accompanied by mental disorders, then this is manifested by affective inadequacy and distortion of the value system.

The disease occurs in the following diseases:

organic brain lesions;
schizophrenia;
epilepsy;
oligophrenia.

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Most often, the patient uses them incorrectly due to the fact that he is unfamiliar with the true meaning of the concepts.

The term denotes empty reasoning with a lack of purposefulness of the thought process and concrete ideas.

Patients with reasoning are not interested in whether their interlocutor understood or not, since they are captivated by the thinking process itself, and not by a specific thought or idea. Their thinking becomes somewhat amorphous with a lack of logic and content.

When talking about simple everyday topics, patients will not be able to even name the subject of the conversation; they often consider problems from the point of view of cosmology, ethics, philosophy, and express themselves in florid ways.

In most cases, lengthy philosophical discussions are intertwined with absurd hobbies.

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Reasoning is understood as a type of thinking disorder in which the patient reasons a lot without any specifics or purposefulness, as well as with fruitless verbosity.

At the same time, a person expresses himself using some complex logical constructions, uses rare abstract terms, often without understanding their true meaning.

When talking with a doctor, an ordinary patient strives to answer all his questions as fully as possible, so that from his answers it would be as easy as possible to determine the cause of the disease.

When reasoning, the patient talks a lot, but at the same time it seems that the aspect of the doctor’s understanding of his reasoning is in first place from the end of the list.

That is, he is interested in the process of reasoning itself, and not the final result, while the reasoning itself moves confusedly and without clear content. At the same time, there are frequent cases of abstract reflections with a complete separation from reality, which are combined with the primitiveness of the ideas expressed.

Reasons for reasoning

The causes of this disease can be both some mental pathologies and disorders in the right and anterior parts of the left hemisphere of the brain.

Certain personality disorders, such as hysterical (thirst for recognition) and schizoid (secretive, withdrawn and detached from reality) can also cause reasoning.

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Types of pathology

Modern medicine distinguishes 3 types.

Classic (schizophrenic) - the patient is trying to TELL THE WORLD something! At the same time, there is a fixation on minor details, about which the patient begins to pour out abstract judgments.

During examinations, they are determined by the example of revealing the meaning of proverbs. Examples of this type of reasoning:

Reasoning can also manifest itself in people with a normal psyche in difficult emotional situations, such as an exam, and in most cases it occurs arbitrarily; in pathology, the patient engages in reasoning, regardless of the complexity of the topic of reasoning.

Epileptic - more similar to the reasoning of a normal person than to the classical one, it arises in the process of communication and is characterized by a compensatory nature, but at the same time it is distinguished by a special coloring of the statement - moralizing and moralizing.

Organic - has the greatest similarity with healthy reasoning, statements are addressed to the interlocutor and arises with various difficulties in conversation.

A characteristic feature is commentary speech when performing certain stages of the program and manifests itself in the form of loud speech.

Treatment

Since reasoning is a secondary manifestation in epilepsy, schizophrenia, mental retardation and some brain lesions, treatment should be carried out in accordance with the primary disease.

: Reasoning about Yuri Khovansky and his impudence

An example of reasoning in all its glory. Reasoning about nothing and no one, saturated with a large number of meaningless words and word forms.

Doctor of Medicine, Professor Abr:

SITE N. IS INFECTED BY RESONANCE.

Reasoning is one of the types of thinking disorders, characterized by empty, fruitless verbosity, reasoning with a lack of specific ideas and purposefulness of the thought process (but real life is replete with examples of the conscious use of reasoning by completely healthy and highly intelligent individuals, for example, during preaching or propaganda activities).

According to the classification of thinking disorders by B.V. Zeigarnik, reasoning (along with diversity and fragmentation) belongs to the category of disorders of the motivational-personal component of thinking.

Affectivity is also manifested in the very form of the statement: meaningful, with inappropriate pathos. Sometimes only the intonation of the subject allows us to evaluate the statement as resonant (that’s why what is described in textbooks on psychopathology looks so faded - there is no emotionality in intonations).

Types of reasoning for various mental pathologies. Schizophrenic (classical) reasoning.

Style problems.

Reasoning normally occurs in a difficult and emotionally significant situation (for example, during an exam) and is often voluntary or semi-voluntary; in pathology, the opposite is true: reasoning occurs regardless of the difficulty of the tasks and the emotional load of the situation.

Different from schizophrenia. It is more similar to the reasoning of normal people: it arises in the process of dialogue and is compensatory in nature. Difference from the norm: a pronounced need to speak with a bright affective coloring of the statement, with special vocabulary - moralizing, moralizing.

It should also be noted that there is reasoning for some personality disorders. First of all, it is observed in hysterical (histrionic) personality disorder and schizoid.

An example of a poem written by a sick reasoner.

And the light jumped like oscillating lava into the dark thicket, where an oval was rounded by a devouring horde of teeth. Not the night as a roaring stronghold with fog woven from ice, but an overripe yellow melon

the late moon was rolling.

The madman whittled the craft. It was his living portrait. The portrait moved its jaws

And he made scary eyes.

The lead hetman's whip struck. In the head of the proletarian father the earth began to spin.

He fell, trying to maintain the balance of the planet...

Treatment There is no specific treatment for resentment. Its correction is carried out in parallel with the treatment of the underlying disease. Accordingly, the range of methods used is quite wide - from psychotherapy to active drug treatment with antipsychotics, anticonvulsants or tranquilizers.

S.: I noticed a tendency towards meaningless thinking, reasoning, and fruitless moralizing, which, understandably, irritates people.

Plus, my thinking itself has lost its structure - I just can’t use it when I need it, and I use it when there’s no need to philosophize. I just can’t use my thinking to solve everyday problems - I definitely need some guidance and hints.

I can’t think of much myself. How to cure such a disease? I call it “disease” because I heard that schizophrenics suffer from it. Do I also have schizophrenia?

Professor Abr: Reasoning - let us remind you in simple words - when they argue without knowing the subject of the dispute, that is, not on the merits, just to argue.

Reasoning in thinking is observed not only in mental illnesses, but also in healthy people. T. I. Tepenitsyna (1979) sees the difference between reasoning in mentally ill patients in the degree of distortion of the motivational plan of mental activity and in the affective inadequacy of motivation, which in mental illnesses are further aggravated by the addition of gross disorders of mental activity.

A reasoner is, in simple terms, a person who is inclined to talk at length and boringly about something, without knowing the essence of what he is talking about. In addition, his speeches are moralizing in nature. In psychology, this concept is interpreted in more detail and clearly, so for a complete understanding it should be considered.

Interpretation options Worth o is a multifaceted term. For example, in psychopathology it denotes the loss of the ability and ability to think specifically. Reasoners do not pursue a specific goal, do not use any facts in their arguments, and are not able to draw clear and unambiguous conclusions. There is another interpretation option.

Only it concerns not psychology, but literature. Reasoning heroes are characters in a work who take virtually no part in the development of the plot or action. In other words, they are only witnesses who state what is happening. These heroes are most often found in classical and medieval theaters.

However, the use of such characters reached its peak of popularity during the period of bourgeois literature. And the reasoners in such works were not just staters - in these characters the authors expressed objectivity and logic, criticizing through them the sad (at that time) reality.

A striking example can be Chatsky from the work “Woe from Wit” - it is he who speaks out about the problems of government, realistically talking about life. Characteristics of reasoners So, we should consider this concept in psychology in more detail. A reasoner is a person who simply cannot think concretely.

Often his specific thinking is accompanied by excessive emotions, pathos, as well as expression, manifested in huge quantities. All this, of course, looks unnatural. Stilted speech, verbosity, and florid speech are characteristic features inherent in such a person, who is called a “reasoner.” Psychology and medicine treat this as a disease.

In fact, this is true. Reasoning is one of the many types of thinking disorders. Scientists classified this disease as a motivational-personal group. Phenomenology Reasoning is also called a verbal tumor.

How do you even know that a person has this disorder? His speech is filled with overly pretentious and complex expressions, very abstract phrases, terms the interpretation of which the speaker himself does not understand, as well as various concepts that are not appropriate in a particular case. Perhaps these are the most recognizable signs. A reasoner is a person who is not interested in the final thought.

He enjoys the direct process of presenting his ideas. Although the thoughts he expresses are difficult to call this concept. After all, an idea is something concrete, a prototype that exists in the human mind. The reasoner doesn’t have this, he just has a stream of words that are not related to each other in meaning. How to find out the reasoner? Such people have amorphous thinking. That is, without specific content.

How do you know that a reasoner is standing in front of you? It's simple. Even when discussing simple everyday issues, it will be difficult for a reasoner to formulate his thoughts. In other words, they will even consider the purchase of pasta from the point of view of cosmology or philosophy. Although in reality, reasoners always reveal themselves quickly.

After all, such thinking cannot but affect their lives, interests, hobbies and worldview. They are interested in strange things, they like things that seem wild and unacceptable to a normal, healthy person. In medicine this is called metaphysical intoxication. So finding out the reasoner is not so difficult. It is much more difficult to understand him and avoid a conversation with such a person. People with such different mindsets simply cannot exist peacefully together, even for a minimal amount of time.

Source: https://ginekologiya-urologiya.ru/besplodie/rezonerstvo-sklonnost-k-besplodnomu-mudrstvovaniyu

Types of pathology

The reasons for rational thinking may be associated with mental illness, organic brain damage, certain personal qualities (excessive need for self-affirmation, pride), schizoid or hysterical personality disorder, changes in the field of motivation. Reasoning against the background of mental illness is accompanied by profound disturbances in thinking, affective disorders, and distortion of values. Based on the type of psychopathology, the following types of reasoning are distinguished:

Organic - manifests itself in mental retardation and damage to brain tissue, mainly the right and anterior regions of the left hemisphere. It is distinguished by the commentary nature of its statements, closest to the reasoning manner of mentally healthy people.
Schizophrenic – characteristic of people suffering from various types of schizophrenia. Characterized by pretentious, emotional speeches, a tendency toward pretension, evaluation, abstraction, and increased attention to unimportant topics.
Epileptic – develops with epilepsy, manifests itself in dialogue. The reasoning of an epileptic is characterized by a penchant for moralizing, reasoning on the topic of morality, and vivid emotional statements.

Modern medicine distinguishes 3 types.

What is reasoning - signs, types, examples

You, of course, have met people in your life from whom a stream of meaningless phrases and empty chatter simply flows. It turns out that such verbosity in the absence of a specific thought or idea is, according to psychologists and psychiatrists, a diagnosis called reasoning.

What are the characteristics of

The main sign of reasoning is the meaninglessness of reasoning. A person suffering from such a thinking disorder may use many smart words, the meaning of which he himself does not know.

He wants to seem smart. His speeches are florid and can be replete with some facts and evidence that seem weighty and convincing to him.

But, in the end, his verbosity does not lead to any result.

How is it diagnosed?

Reasoning thinking is diagnosed according to three groups of signs:

pace of thinking;
mobility of the thought process;
structure of speech.

The pace of thinking of people with reasoning may be different. It could be:

Slowing down and thinking for a long time, during which the ability to make a decision is lost.
Acceleration. A person has a very fast decision-making process. Ideas are formed at lightning speed. Too much rapid thinking is characteristic of manic states.
Sperrung. A person’s flow of ideas suddenly stops. The thought stops and suddenly comes to a dead end.
Mentism. Obsessive thoughts suddenly intrude in situations to which they have nothing to do.

The mobility of the thought process also reveals a reasoner in a person. His speech may include:

The minor topics he details add non-existent details.
Thoroughness. He systematically focuses attention on details and circumstances that have little or no relation to the main idea.
Viscosity. This is a state when it is impossible to track the initial idea in the stream of thoughts and bring it to its logical conclusion, since the thoughts are already bogged down.

The structure of speech during reasoning thinking abounds:

Speech stereotypes and cliches.
Meaningless repetitions of the same words, sounds, endings (verbigeration).
Incoherent chains, words, in no way comparable to each other.

Causes of thinking disorders

The reasons for the appearance of reasoning may be disorders in the brain or mental disorders - schizoid or hysteroid.

The reason for the appearance of reasoning in people without mental disorders can be a difficult emotional situation. For example, an important exam. In healthy people this phenomenon is temporary. It will pass as soon as the stressful situation stabilizes.

In sick people, reasoning thoughts arise regardless of the situation or circumstances.

Classification of reasoning

Reasoning in psychology and psychiatry is usually divided into 3 types:

Classic (schizophrenic). It manifests itself in the patient’s desire to tell the world some information. But during the broadcast, only empty phrases and abstract judgments are heard. The example with the proverb is a type of such a disease.
Organic. This is a loud commentary on a particular process. Often occurs when there are difficulties in communication.
Epileptic. This is obsessive teaching and moralizing. At first glance, this looks more like healthy reasoning. They arise in the process of communication.

Classification of reasoning

special pathos;
intonation during “small talk” in the context of a monologue;
speaker's position (claims);
evaluative vocabulary;
increased attention to non-existent topics;
verbal and emotional turns.

The disorder of the organic type is similar to the phenomenon in healthy people, since the verbal turns are intended for the interlocutor and the tendency to discuss manifests itself in difficult situations. A characteristic feature of organic reasoning is commentary speech, expressed in the form of loud speech.

It can manifest itself during sleep and is observed with damage to brain tissue, mental retardation. The organic type is the mildest variant of the pathology, but this type of reasoning is still unpleasant for others and uncontrollable. In the patient's speech one can hear notes of moralizing and elements of inappropriate pathos.

With the epileptic type of reasoning, the patient has a tendency to reasoning on moral topics, moralizing, and emotionally vivid statements. Just like the organic type, the epileptic type is similar to the reasoning of healthy people, manifests itself during dialogue and reveals a compensatory character. This type of disease develops with epilepsy. In this case, the speaker tries to be heard, but the speech remains too pretentious.

In psychology, there are the following types of reasoning, differing in the most attractive topics and features of speech:

1. Pedantic. Patients think in “patterns”, expressing their position in conversation pathetically, there is no humor or flat jokes are observed. They lack a sense of tact, but they have contacts with others, their judgments are pathetic.
2. Artsy. The patient expresses himself subtly and aesthetically, with characteristic mannerisms and autistic judgments.
3. Mannered and resonant. The individual’s thinking is characterized by irrationality and stereotyping, and there is a tendency to discuss the formal side of the problem. The reasoning does not contain rational aspects.

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Psychological research

From the point of view of clinical psychiatry, reasoning is a pathology of thinking itself, however, psychological studies (T.I. Tepenitsyna) have shown that this is a violation not so much of intellectual operations as of the personality as a whole (increased affectivity, inadequate attitude, the desire to let down anyone, even the most insignificant phenomenon under some “concept”).

Research has shown that “...the inadequacy, reasoning of patients, their verbosity appeared in cases where there was affective preoccupation, an excessive narrowing of the circle of meaning-forming motives, and an increased tendency to “value judgments””[2]. Affectivity is also manifested in the very form of the statement: meaningful, with inappropriate pathos. Sometimes only the intonation of the subject allows us to evaluate the statement as resonant (that’s why what is described in textbooks on psychopathology looks so faded - there is no emotionality in intonations).

Types of schizophrenic reasoning

The manifestation of reasoning thinking in schizophrenia may differ in nature, which is directly influenced by the patient’s personality traits. Based on clinical studies, we can distinguish such variants of schizophrenic reasoning as:

Pedantic, with ostentatious wit, a lot of stupid jokes, and an inability to understand the irony and humor of others. Such people easily make contact, have a fairly lively intellect, but are not particularly tactful. They can use stupid and banal expressions with pathetic intonations.
Pretentious, combining subtle perception, autistic judgment, observation, hyperaestheticity and flattening of affect.
Mannered and resonant, in which a person has a tendency to cliched, stereotypical phrases, irrational, meaningless statements. Patients often discuss various topics only from a formal point of view.

Reasoning for schizophrenia

Sometimes reasoning also occurs in people who do not suffer from mental disorders, for example, during exams or public speaking without preparation. But it is episodic in nature and can be consciously stopped by the speaker. As a concomitant disease with schizophrenia, reasoning has the following symptoms.

The patient strives not just to speak out, but to present a revelation to the world.
The statements touch on small, everyday topics, but philosophy, ethics, cosmology (or what the patient considers them to be) are used to argue them.
The desire to evaluate.
Schizophrenic reasoning appears regardless of whether there is an objective reason for it, and does not depend on the interest of the interlocutor in the dialogue.