How to become smarter: 4 types of intelligence according to Stephen Covey

What is an IQ test and where to take it
Many have heard about the iq test, but not everyone knows exactly what it is for and what it shows. IQ is translated from English as intelligence quotient.

People assign different meanings to the concept of intelligence and intelligence. Each person will have different levels of knowledge in different areas of expertise. Someone is very good at mathematics and physics, and someone knows how to survive in the wild, and these two people will pass the same IQ test with different results.

It must be said that the very first tests to test a person’s intelligence level began to appear about 100 years ago. They were a collection of different tasks, puzzles and riddles. After this, the test was constantly developed and modified.

Content

• 1. History
• 2 Tests
• 3 What affects IQ 3.1 Heredity
• 3.2 Individual genes
• 3.3 Search for hereditary causes of IQ
• 3.4 Environment

Details

Point system

It is possible that the IQ test should be assessed not by a specific value, but by a range. For example, evaluate not at 130 points, but from 100 to 135. Of course, intelligence tests are imperfect, and these ranges will be large.

Now in the world there are organizations that include people with high IQ, these include the “Triple Nine” society, and others. At the same time, people from these societies, that is, people with a high level of intelligence, are not representatives of scientific communities, they do not become Nobel laureates.

The question arises, if they have a high level of intelligence, then why are they not heard of as people who do useful things for all humanity. For example, the man who discovered DNA, and this is the greatest discovery of the 20th century, Walter Crick received the Nobel Prize for this, had an iq of only 115 points. One of the women who scores high on the iq test just writes a column in a magazine.

However, there is an assertion that even taking into account all the inaccuracies of this test, an IQ test shows the relationship between its level and such indicators as school performance and participation in scientific activities. Once they even conducted research where they wanted to connect the average level of intelligence in the country with the level of wealth of this people as a whole. But these studies are not widely used because they have too many questionable assumptions and lack reliable statistics.

IQ level

The iq test, that is, intelligence quotient, shows a quantitative assessment of a person’s level of intelligence. It is believed that the level of intelligence, coefficient, of an ordinary person is 100.

The level of intelligence is usually determined using special tests, which include tasks on logic, observation, thinking, and spatial thinking. After a person has completed all the tasks in a certain amount of time, the iq level is calculated based on the results.

For an ordinary person, an IQ level of 86 to 116 is considered normal. If, according to the test results, a person scores up to 125 points, then we can say that the person has above average intelligence. A high level of intelligence is attributed to those who score above 126 points on the test. Such indicators can classify a person as a genius. And those people who scored less than 70 points on the results of this test are even considered mentally retarded.

There are online platforms on the Internet where you can complete all the tasks and find out the result.

Story

The concept of IQ was introduced by the German[1] scientist Wilhelm Stern in 1912. He drew attention to the serious shortcomings of mental age as an indicator in the Binet scales. Stern proposed using the quotient of mental age divided by chronological age as an indicator of intelligence. IQ was first used in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916 (originally Binet in 1903[2]).

Nowadays, interest in IQ tests has increased many times over, resulting in the emergence of many different unfounded scales. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to compare the results of different tests, and the IQ number itself has lost its informative value.

Tests

Each test consists of many different tasks of increasing difficulty. Among them are test tasks for logical and spatial thinking, as well as tasks of other types - the tests usually include logical and arithmetic tasks, orientation in practical situations - the ability to independently compare, generalize known facts (creative approach, including non-standard thinking - ambiguous answers are allowed , formulation of several hypotheses, different arguments), testing RAM, etc. Based on the test results, IQ is calculated. It has been noticed that the more test options a subject takes, the better results he shows. One of the most famous tests is the Eysenck test. More accurate are the tests of D. Wexler, J. Raven, R. Amthauer, R. B. Cattell. There is currently no single standard for IQ tests.

The tests are divided by age group and show the development of a person corresponding to his age. That is, a 10-year-old child and a university graduate can have the same IQ, because the development of each of them corresponds to its age group. The Eysenck test is designed for the age group of 18 years and older and provides a maximum IQ level of 160 points.

People have come up with new forms and varieties of it

Now in the world there is no single or standard test for determining iq. When a person talks about the iq test, he means the most common and well-known Eysenck test in the modern world, which is developed in 8 versions.

Despite the fact that the Eysenck test has become very famous, popular and widespread, especially on the Internet, it cannot be said that the tasks in it will completely reveal your level of intelligence; some consider its tasks questionable. Users even analyzed errors in Eysenck test tasks.

An IQ test is designed to assess a person's ability to process visual-spatial information. The test should also reveal the level of short-term memory and data processing speed. The indicator for data processing speed cannot always show intellectual abilities. As evidence, some users say about Einstein that he thought slowly, and in the exam he needed more time to complete tasks, but this did not stop him from becoming a great scientist.

Spatial thinking and short-term memory are very useful qualities for humans. Moreover, when a person shows these qualities in some situations in life, and when he applies them when passing test tasks, these are two big differences.

An IQ test can show whether a person is good at answering questions, solving puzzles, which someone attributed to the fact that they show the level of intelligence, or rather, its level.

This means that the test results may not be very accurate or reliable. And if you take the same test intermittently, you may get different results. Because the result of passing the test depends on the person’s state, physical and psychological at that moment, how concentrated he is, and most importantly, motivated to perform this test.

What affects IQ

Heredity

The role of genetics and environment in predicting IQ is reviewed in Plomin et al.

(2001, 2003)[3]. Until recently, heredity was mainly studied in children. Various studies in the USA have shown the influence of heredity on IQ in the range between 0.4 and 0.8.[4][5][6] This means that the difference in IQ among observed children depends on genes by 40 to 80%. The rest depends on the child’s living conditions and measurement error. Heritability between 0.4 and 0.8 means that IQ is largely heritable [7][8][9].

The study of the life path of adopted children led to the unequivocal conclusion that the differences in their fate were mainly determined by heredity and random factors, and not by the family in which they were raised. Already by the age of 16, the correlation between the IQ of adopted children and their adoptive parents becomes close to zero. Differences in children's educational attainment depend twice as much on the educational attainment of biological parents as on the educational attainment of adoptive parents.[10]

Individual genes

The human brain controls most of the more than 17,000 genes available.[11] Although some studies show the influence of individual genes on IQ, none have a significant effect.[12] Most of the identified relationships between genes and IQ were false positives.[13] Recent studies have shown a weak influence of individual genes on IQ among both adults[14] and children.[15]

Search for hereditary causes of IQ

Research has begun to explore the genetic differences between people with high and low IQs. Thus, the Beijing Genomics Institute[16] is starting a project on a genome-wide search for associations in people with high mental abilities[17][18]. The discovery of genetic causes may allow the invention of means to increase IQ. Countries that gain access to such technologies will be able to move even further forward in economic, scientific and technological development.

Environment

The environment, in particular the family, has a significant influence on the development of a child’s intelligence. Dependencies were identified on many factors characterizing the standard of living of a family, for example: the size and cost of the house, annual income, relationships between family members, methods of education, and more. This influence brings a share of 0.25-0.35 to the IQ. But the older the child becomes, the weaker this dependence manifests itself, almost completely disappearing by the time of adulthood. These studies were conducted among ordinary two-parent families[5][19][20][21].

Due to the genetic characteristics of each person, children from the same family may react differently to the same environmental factors.[5][20]

An unhealthy, restricted diet can reduce the brain's ability to process information. Research 25,446 people Danish National Birth Cohort

led to the conclusion that eating fish during pregnancy and breastfeeding an infant increases its IQ[22].

Another study of more than 13,000 children found[23] that breastfeeding can increase a child's intelligence by 7 points. After the publication of these results, they were subjected to severe criticism, and three critical responses to the article were published in the same journal. Insufficient analysis of previous studies and ignorance of accepted theories were noted [24]; a simpler alternative mechanism for the formation of changes in IQ was proposed [25]; the adequacy of the test in this age category of subjects was questioned; imbalance (“bias”) of the subjects in terms of linguistic composition was noted; other methodological issues are highlighted; and in general the reliability of the results has been questioned[26].

Group differences

Floor

Most researchers believe that, in general, the average intelligence scores of men are 5-10 points higher [27][28][29][30][31]. Studies conducted for feminist organizations confirm a gap of 13 times or more in the presence of IQ among men than among women (meaning the number of people with a higher IQ than the opposite sex; the difference in IQ may be small)[ 32].

Race and nationality

Studies among US residents showed [ source not specified 972 days

] the presence of a statistically significant gap between the average IQ of different racial groups. Thus, according to The Bell Curve (1994), the average IQ of African Americans is 85, Hispanics are 89, whites (European descent) are 103, Asians (Chinese, Japanese and Korean descent) are 106, and Jews are 113.

This gap can be used as a justification for the so-called. “scientific racism”, however, according to some studies[33], the gap is gradually closing.

In addition, the average IQ measured by older tests has been increasing over time. As a result of the Flynn effect, the average IQ of Blacks in 1995 corresponded to the average IQ of Caucasians in 1945[34]. Such significant changes that have occurred over several decades cannot be explained by genetic factors. [ source not specified 53 days

]

The influence of social factors on IQ is confirmed by studies of orphans. In the United States, children of African descent raised by white adoptive parents have ~10% higher IQs than non-white adoptive parents.[35]

A difference of 10-15 points in IQ assessment was observed when comparing the average indicators of oppressed social groups (untouchables in India, Burakumin in Japan, Maori in New Zealand) and the dominant social groups in these countries. Moreover, the difference disappeared when emigrating to another country, for example: a study among children of Japanese immigrants in the United States showed no differences in burakumin indicators from other Japanese. On this basis, a theory was formed about the key influence of the social structure of society and social identification in learning and taking tests. Such identification can also lead to the fact that African American children view good academic performance and the desire to get a high-status job as a betrayal of their identity[36].

A country

Differences in average IQ between countries have been found. A number of studies[37] have found a connection between a country's average IQ and its economic development, GDP (see, for example, IQ and the Wealth of Nations), democracy, crime, fertility and atheism. In developing countries, environmental factors such as poor nutrition and disease are likely to lower the average national IQ.

Strong-willed intelligence

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People have always been interested in finding some of the most important qualities or key indicators that maximally determine a person’s success.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the term IQ (intelligence quotient) appeared - an attempt to determine the level of intelligence using tests. After that, a real boom began - IQ testing began in schools, companies, and the army. People began to measure their IQ scores against each other and draw conclusions about certain actions of other people based on their IQ.

However, the question then arose as to whether a person's IQ really determines their success in life? Studies of graduates of leading universities conducted in the 80-90s on how their professional lives developed depending on their IQ showed that there is no clear connection between IQ and a person’s success in life. Often, on the contrary, people with the highest IQ found themselves out of work because they felt superior, did not know how to get along with people, work in a team, etc.

Due to the fact that IQ is not a criterion that universally helps determine a person’s future success, a new term EQ (emotional intelligence) appeared in the early 90s. This indicator describes a person’s ability to understand their own emotions, manage themselves, be able to connect with other people, understand their feelings, influence them, work in a team and build long-term productive relationships. And it was EQ that in the 90s and 2000s began to be perceived as the most important quality that allows people to achieve success. You can read more about emotional intelligence in the excellent works of Daniel Goleman.

Indeed, the ability to manage your emotions and find contact with other people is a very important quality. Business is, first of all, people and the ability to find a common language with them, build connections and mutually beneficial relationships is a powerful bonus for any entrepreneur.

But the more I work and communicate with successful entrepreneurs, the more I see that they are all united by another important indicator, which is not talked about much.

I have seen successful entrepreneurs with a high EQ - bright, emotional, able to make a lasting impression, capture the mood of the interlocutor, sell anything and remain in people's memory for a long time. At the same time, I saw successful entrepreneurs who could not boast of a high EQ - they are more inclined to think and analyze, work best alone, do not inspire stadiums with the right speeches, do not have charisma and the talent to make the right connections, but are capable of creating truly cool products and building powerful systems in business. Both of them achieve great success.

In my experience, all truly successful people share another type of intelligence, which I call WQ - Willful Intelligence.

Will is the ability to make choices and take actions. Accordingly, Willed Intelligence is our ability to turn thoughts into reality and do so quickly, urgently and effectively. This is the main quality of a successful business person, allowing him to act where others stand still and argue, not to stop or give up, and to realize his goals and dreams as quickly as possible.

If a person has a high IQ but a low WQ, he becomes a theorist (regardless of what he does). He thinks, reasons, speaks a lot, knows perfectly well what needs to be done and how. But it is difficult for him to translate his thoughts into reality, to start new things, and even if he starts, he is not able to bring them to the end. Such people most often do what I wrote about earlier - increase knowledge.

If a person has a high EQ, but a low WQ, then he becomes a psychologist (also regardless of his field of study. He usually feels other people well, understands what they want from him, listens well, adapts to others. Such a person is a good psychologist, with him people feel comfortable, but he usually does not take initiative, does not start anything, does not suggest anything, but adapts to others, is flexible and convenient.

I have met successful people who do not have a high IQ, systematic and strategic thinking (for this they hire consultants), and also those who are not strong in understanding and managing their emotions, but I have never seen successful people with a low WQ.

It is the Volitional Intelligence that influences that pause between Thought and Result, which I wrote about in the introduction. When WQ is low, this pause increases and our desires are greatly at odds with our actions. If WQ is high, then this pause is shortened, allowing you to quickly make decisions and act towards results without delay.

In order to measure your Willful Intelligence, there is a very simple test that each of you can use. There is a formula for Volitional Intelligence:

This means that Willpower intelligence can be measured by remembering and putting into the denominator all the promises that you made to yourself and other people, both in business and just in life. Remember this year and all the big goals that you set for it (create a business or take it to a new level, earn a million, build a house, etc.) and small ones (make a website, find an employee in the marketing department and delegate your work to him, start run in the morning, quit smoking, learn English, and so on). The more you remember, the better. The result is a number - the number of promises made. In the numerator you need to put the sum of all fulfilled promises - those promises from the previous list that you fulfilled. Here you don’t need to tell yourself convincing stories about why you couldn’t achieve this or that goal, that you set it wrong, or that achieving it was basically unrealistic. Do simple math without going into deep meaning.

As a result, you will get a number that can easily be converted into %, this will be your WQ indicator. Practice shows that this number also indicates the approximate probability of achieving your goals, objectives and plans. The lower your WQ, the less likely it is that these goals will become a reality.

Thus, it is the Volitional Intelligence that is responsible for whether we implement our plans or continue to postpone them until later. Accordingly, the main condition for achieving goals is a developed WQ. Companies, like people, have enough knowledge, plans and goals, but in order for all this to become a reality, they need a developed volitional intellect. I will write about the means and methods by which I help people and companies develop and train WQ in the following articles.

Social consequences

School performance

The American Psychological Association, in its report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), notes that across all studies, children with high scores on IQ tests tend to learn more school material than their peers with lower scores. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about 0.5. IQ tests are one way to select gifted children and create individual (accelerated) educational plans for them.

Success in scientific activities

Some studies have found that dedication and originality play a higher role in achieving success in science. However, Dr. Eysenck provides a review of IQ measurements (Roe, 1953) of outstanding scientists, a level below Nobel laureates. Their average IQ was 166, although some scored 177, the maximum test score. Their average spatial IQ was 137, although it may have been higher at younger ages. Their average math IQ was 154 (range 128 to 194).

Labor productivity

According to Frank Schmidt and John Hunter, when hiring applicants without relevant experience, the most successful predictor of future performance is general intellectual ability. In predicting job performance, IQ has some effectiveness for all jobs studied to date, but this effectiveness varies depending on the type of job. Although IQ is more closely related to thinking abilities rather than motor skills, scores on IQ tests predict performance in all occupations. Given this, for the most skilled occupations (research, management), low IQ is more likely to be a barrier to sufficient performance, while for the least skilled occupations, athletic strength (arm strength, speed, endurance and coordination) is more likely to predict performance . Basically, the predictive power of IQ is associated with faster acquisition of relevant knowledge and skills in the workplace.

The American Psychological Association, in its report "Intelligence: Known and Unknown," notes that since IQ explains only 29% of the variance in job performance, other personality characteristics, such as interpersonal skills, personality traits, etc., are likely to do the same or great importance, but at the moment there are no tools as reliable for measuring them as IQ tests.

Income

Some studies have shown that intellectual ability and job performance are linearly related, such that higher IQ leads to higher job performance. Charles Murray, co-author of The Bell Curve, found that IQ has a significant impact on a person's income, regardless of the family and social class in which a person grew up.

The American Psychological Association, in its report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns (1995), notes that IQ scores explain about 1/4 of the differences between people in social status and 1/6 of the differences in income.

IQ and crime

The American Psychological Association, in its report “Intelligence: Known and Unknown,” notes that the correlation between IQ and crime is −0.2 (inverse relationship). A correlation of 0.2 means that the explained variance in crime is less than 4%. It is important to understand that the causal relationships between IQ test scores and social outcomes may be indirect. Children with poor school performance may feel alienated and, therefore, they are more likely to commit delinquency compared to children who perform well academically.

In The g Factor (Arthur Jensen, 1998), Arthur Jensen cites data showing that people with IQs between 70 and 90, regardless of race, are more likely to commit crimes than people with IQs lower or higher than that. interval.[38]

Other

The average IQ of a country's population is related to the country's GDP (see IQ and the Wealth of Nations) and the effectiveness of the state.

There is a study that found a correlation of 0.82 between the general intelligence factor and the SAT score (the Russian equivalent is the Unified State Exam).[39]

Spiritual Intelligence (SQ)

Spiritual Quotient is the highest of all types of human intelligence. It is spiritual intelligence that makes a person a person capable of setting life goals, searching for and finding his life mission, and comparing his actions with life values. If all higher mammals, along with humans, possess emotional intelligence, then spiritual intelligence is the prerogative of humans exclusively.

Just in development of the topic of spiritual intelligence, Stephen Covey’s next book about the so-called “Eighth Habit” appeared. As you probably guessed from the title, this book became a kind of continuation of the world-famous bestseller “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.”

Stephen Covey's eighth skill is the ability to find your voice and inspire others to find their voices. “Finding your voice” according to Covey is the ability to choose your life path, which does not necessarily coincide, but rather does not coincide at all with the average experience of hundreds of thousands of people. This is the ability to make your own choice in any situation. In essence, one’s voice is the “Path to Greatness” when a person lives life with meaning and awareness of its meaning. Of course, such an approach is impossible without spiritual intelligence.

In many ways, another book by Stephen Covey, “Focus on the Main Things,” echoes these ideas. Live, love, learn and leave a legacy.” Spiritual intelligence involves the ability to look back at your life and find the top few things to do first. Stephen Covey, as we see, offers his list of such “main things”:

1. Live.
2. Be in love.
3. Study.
4. Leave a legacy.

Your personal list may look a little different, but the point is the same: you should focus on the main things in your life. Also, you should not allow secondary vanity to occupy the main place and main time of your life.

This does not mean at all that a person should not or will not have to engage in routine. You will have to, however, this process can be streamlined by allocating your time to everything. By the way, the previously mentioned time management matrix can also help with this.

So now you have another answer to the question “How to become smarter?” and specific tips in which direction to develop. It is not at all difficult to determine which types of intelligence you currently have to a greater extent, and what should be given more attention. All that’s left to do is start taking action.

And, by the way, our “Cognitive Science” course, aimed at developing thinking, can help you with this. In a couple of months, you will be able to master more than two dozen effective thinking techniques that will allow you to find solutions to the most complex and non-standard problems, achieve great success and make your life better.

We wish you success and look forward to attending our programs!

We also recommend reading:

• IQ: what is it and how is it measured?
• Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory
• Signs of Low Emotional Intelligence
• Things that help you become smarter
• Several techniques of the art of thinking effectively from the book “Phenomenal Intelligence” by K. Sheremetyev
• Intelligence and its development: several recommendations
• General Intelligence Factor
• What You May Not Know About Intelligence
• Covey's "Eighth Habit": summary
• Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Key words: 1Cognitive science, 1Self-knowledge

Criticism

IQ tests have been repeatedly criticized by scientists and politicians. Thus, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. A. Vasiliev discovered that in Eysenck’s IQ tests, a significant part of the problems were composed incorrectly, or the author’s solutions were incorrect. Here are Vasiliev’s statements on this matter:

I...decided to study the tests without haste, especially since their answers systematically did not coincide with mine in problems from my professional areas: logic and geometry. And I discovered that most of the test author’s decisions were incorrect. And in some cases, the test subject can only guess the answer - it makes no sense to rely on logic[40].

If a person answered the same way as Eysenck, then he thereby only demonstrates the standardization of his thinking, a quick and predictable reaction to a simple stimulus. A slightly less flat person will think a hundred times before answering... There are a myriad of possible solutions to each such problem. The smarter you are, the more likely it is that your decision will not coincide with the author's. The practical meaning here is only one: the one who gives the “correct” answer on the test will find it easier to fit into the average education system and communicate with people who think the same way as him. In general, Eysenck tests ideal averaging[40].

Without the goal of criticizing IQ tests, the Soviet psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky, however, showed in his works that the current IQ of a child says little about the prospects for his further education and mental development[41]. In this regard, he introduced the concept of “zone of proximal development.”

In 2012, British scientists came to the conclusion that human intelligence consists of several components and cannot be reduced to one indicator[42].

Physical Intelligence (PQ)

Physical Quotient is a person’s intelligence associated with the physical body, physical attitude, desire for health and beauty, material wealth and comfort. And it is the intelligence of the physical body that activates the human organ systems to ensure survival, healing, development of the physical body necessary to achieve the desired level of well-being and comfort.

A person has the opportunity to develop and apply the physical type of intelligence on an equal basis with any other. A person's tendency to use physical intelligence to solve everyday problems can be determined by his interest in sports, dancing, games, handicrafts - in general, everything that requires physical dexterity. Sometimes physical intelligence is called practical, which fits both into the essence of the definition and into the abbreviation PQ - Practical Quotient.

Physical intelligence is an important basic component of human life, without which its survival and development would be impossible. However, if for some reason only physical intelligence develops, this is not at all enough for the harmonious development of the personality. What distinguishes a person from an animal is mental intelligence, and here, too, some explanations are needed.

Notes

1. At the same time, according to the results of some studies, Germans on average have a higher IQ than citizens of other countries[ source not specified 3231 days
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5. ↑ 1 2 3 Neisser
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   Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns. Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association (August 7, 1995). Retrieved August 6, 2006. Archived June 1, 2012.
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7. World Intelligence Network. IQ and Genetics Archived November 21, 2010 on the Wayback Machine
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10. Fathers and children: can the state reduce the influence of heredity and parental status?, republic.ru, December 8, 2017.
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22. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 3, 789—796, September 2008 Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with achievement of developmental milestones in early childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort Emily Oken, Marie Louise Østerdal, Matthew W Gillman, Vibeke K Knudsen, Thorhallur I Halldorsson, Marin Strøm, David C Bellinger, Mijna Hadders-Algra, Kim Fleischer Michaelsen and Sjurdur F Olsen
23. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new… // Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008] — PubMed result
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25. JAMA Network | JAMA Psychiatry | Cognitive Development: Breast-Milk Benefit vs Infant Formula Hazard. Retrieved April 18, 2013. Archived April 19, 2013.
26. JAMA Network | JAMA Psychiatry | Results From the PROBIT Breastfeeding Trial May Have Been Overinterpreted. Retrieved April 18, 2013. Archived April 19, 2013.
27. BBC NEWS | UK | Education | 'Men cleverer than women' claim
28. Archive (1998—2006) | TODAY
29. News NEWSru.com: Research by British scientists
30. Brother-sister differences in the g factor in intelligence: Analysis of full, opposite-sex siblings from the NLSY1979, Ian J. Deary, Paul Irwing, Geof Der, Timothy C. Bates. Intelligence, Volume 35, Issue 5, September-October 2007, Pages 451—456.
31. Chinese sex differences in intelligence: Some new evidence, Jianghong Liu, Richard Lynn. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 75, March 2020, Pages 90-93.
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