Deviations include deviant, delinquent and criminal behavior

Deviant behavior

(also
social deviation, deviant behavior
) (lat. deviatio - deviation) is a stable behavior of an individual that deviates from the generally accepted, most widespread and established social norms. Negative deviant behavior leads to the application by society of certain formal and informal sanctions (isolation, treatment, correction or punishment of the offender)[1]. Deviance as a social phenomenon and society’s reaction to it is studied by sociology, individual deviations by psychology.

The problem of deviant behavior has been in the spotlight since the beginning of sociology. French sociologist Emile Durkheim, who wrote the classic work Suicide (1897), is considered one of the founders of modern deviantology. He introduced the concept of anomie, a state of confusion and disorientation in society during crises or radical social change. Durkheim explained this using the example of the increase in suicide rates during unexpected economic downturns and booms. A follower of Durkheim, American sociologist Robert King Merton, within the framework of his theory of structural functionalism, created one of the first sociological classifications of human behavioral reactions.

Basic Concepts

In simple words, deviant behavior is persistent (constantly repeated) behavior that deviates from generally accepted social norms.
There is another concept for this phenomenon - social deviation. Society is forced to respond to it with certain sanctions: isolation, treatment, correction, punishment. Since deviant behavior is the subject of study of various sciences, each of them gives it its own specific definition.

Sociology

Sociologists call deviant behavior any social phenomenon that poses a threat to human life, caused by a violation of the process of assimilation of norms and values, self-development and self-realization in society.

Medicine

For doctors, deviance is a borderline neuropsychic pathology that leads to deviation from generally accepted norms of interpersonal interactions. At the same time, doctors recognize that not all cases are the result of personality and behavioral disorders. Mentally healthy people often demonstrate deviant behavior.

Psychology

In psychology, this is a deviation from social and moral norms, an erroneous conflict resolution pattern directed against society. It can be measured quantitatively (which determines the degree of neglect of the problem) - through the damage caused to public well-being, others or oneself.

Based on these definitions, it is not difficult to understand who a deviant is. This is a person who demonstrates traits of deviant, unacceptable behavior and needs the help of specialists: psychologists, psychotherapists, neurologists.

The psychology of deviant behavior is a scientific discipline that studies the essence, causes and manifestations of persistent inappropriate behavior. Various specialists work in this area - clinical and developmental psychologists, teachers, lawyers and sociologists. Currently, special attention is paid to methods of prevention and correction of deviations in adolescence and youth.

Deviantology is a science that studies deviations and society's reaction to them. It includes work in this direction, carried out by various sciences: psychology, psychotherapy, criminology, sociology.

Age characteristics

Addictive behavior is one of the pressing problems in the modern world. It is very difficult to resolve, because it is difficult for researchers to determine the reasons for such behavior; in addition, contradictions often arise in determining the consequences of the behavior of an addictive person who has any addictions that prevent him from leading a full social life.

Scientists have proven that most people on the planet have some kind of addiction. They can be quite harmless at first glance, but life-threatening - abuse of sweets, food in general (which leads to obesity), addiction to games or a specific music genre (hard rock). But there are also addictions that are initially interpreted as negative - nicotine, alcohol and drugs, which are formed at the level of the human psyche and are very difficult for them to overcome.

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The standards of modern society, which is characterized by mass production and consumerism, require the maintenance of various types of addictions (fashion, gluttony), because this is beneficial for producers. In our case, we will talk about more destructive types of addictive behavior, which can not only undermine a person’s health, but also lead to death.

Addiction is an obsessive, irresistible need felt by an individual for a certain type of activity. This is an immersion in a space that allows a person to be himself, take a break from the surrounding conditions, temporarily forget about current problems, and then return to solving the problems of real life.

But here we should immediately make a reservation: not all people return to real life, since some completely lose touch with the present and remain in the reality that, as it seems to them, better satisfies their interests and needs.

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Addictive agents can be cigarettes, alcohol, or drugs that a person feels help them relax. With their help, his condition changes without much effort, he feels calm and serene. But do not forget that this is a temporary effect, and then he again needs to smoke a cigarette or use a drug in order to return to his usual state of “calmness and serenity.”

Addiction is a leading cause of personal disaster. It leads to the destruction of the human personality, distortion of consciousness, and a number of life-threatening diseases. Sometimes people lose control and restraint so much that they die.

The state has always normalized the behavior of citizens, placing it within the framework of the law. In addition, in each social group (ethnic, religious or other) there are rules of behavior enshrined in traditions or oral agreements.

Attention! People's actions are compared with “written” (formally enshrined laws of the state) and “unwritten” rules (informal behavioral norms).

Examples of informal rules:

• customs and traditions;
• manners and etiquette;
• behavior that is considered decent by mutual agreement of a closed community.

Violation of the informal framework of social behavior is called deviant. Actions associated with deviations from formal laws are called delinquent.

There are differences between two types of non-standard social behavior: deviance and delinquency. Deviant deviation from behavioral norms is a relative concept.

As the popular saying goes: “Everyone has his own taste and his own manner: some like a watermelon, some like an officer.” What is considered abnormal for some people is normal for others.

For example, representatives of Turkic peoples (Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, etc.) eat the national dish beshbarmak with their hands, sitting on the floor. The manners of aristocrats, on the contrary, oblige them to eat while sitting at the table, using cutlery.

Different concepts about proper eating

The delinquency of an individual is absolute. In this case, there can be no two opinions. Violation of the norms of social behavior prescribed by law is punishable. Murder, violence, robbery, theft, fraud - this is just a short list of delinquent manifestations.

Example. Among the gypsies, theft and fraud are considered one of the ways to earn money. In their circles this is normal, but this is a violation of articles of the law of the Russian Federation, and there can be no talk of relativity here.

Difference in Concepts

There are differences between deviant and delinquent behavior; the very concept of “deviation” has a broader meaning. It involves any deviations that go beyond both written and unwritten norms.

Such deviations are characterized by the following points:

• a clear discrepancy between a person’s behavior and generally accepted or official requirements;
• individual actions are assessed by society as negative;
• have a persistent, repetitive nature;
• are destructive;
• are not considered a mental illness from a medical point of view;
• associated with social inability, in various forms of its manifestation;
• are exclusively personal in nature or depend on the stage of puberty.

In any case, deviation is a person’s lack of ability or desire to find his place in society in such a way as to meet its requirements.

Depending on whether deviation brings benefit or harm to society, two types can be distinguished:

• constructive;
• destructive.

In the first case, deviation is encouraged and rewarded. The actions of heroes, geniuses and leaders are approved by society. In the second case, actions are not welcomed by society and are considered harmful and destructive. As a result, the person is punished in the form of conviction, isolation or treatment.

Deviation as a form of deviation

The adolescent delinquent form differs from its manifestation in other age intervals. Adolescents are prone to exhibiting two types of delinquent behavior:

• selfish;
• violent.

Selfish actions are sometimes committed out of curiosity or because of the incompleteness of a child’s character. Such a teenager can take a cell phone from a junior high school student, steal a motorcycle or car from the yard, and then he himself cannot really explain why he did it.

Violent actions and aggression can distinguish a teenager who wants to assert himself. Under the influence of the herd instinct, from a lack of education or a “sense of duty to friends,” boys get involved in “showdowns” and gather in bad company. Over time, young people become uncontrollable: they are rude to adults, disobey their parents, and run away from home.

By the way. Prosperous families, as well as dysfunctional ones, can have such a teenager. Moreover, guys from good families, succumbing to bad influences, try to win the attention of girls in this way, sincerely believing that resemblance to the image of a “bad guy” will help them in this.

If we consider the reasons that influence the occurrence of antisocial behavior in adolescents, we can note the following:

• influence of youth subcultures (goths, emo, punks, etc.);
• poor upbringing and a negative example of the life of parents, causing distortion of the psyche in childhood;
• fanaticism associated with sports and resulting in aggressive antisocial behavior;
• psychological addictions;
• physical problems due to illness.

The impossibility of self-affirmation in society through accessible ways: abilities, talent, achieving material independence in a legal way can also be added to this list.

Football fans and riots

Deviation is not diagnosed in children under 5 years of age. As a rule, it manifests itself most clearly in school, especially in adolescence.

Psychologists classify deviations of primary school age as:

• inability to nonverbal communication;
• difficulties in establishing interpersonal contacts with peers;
• speech disorders;
• delayed mental, physical or mental development;
• pathological lying;
• masturbation;
• kleptomania;
• sucking fingers and other objects.

With timely identification of signs of deviation in primary schoolchildren, treatment of existing diseases and correction of mental disorders provides favorable prognoses.

In teenagers

For teachers and parents, deviant teenagers become a real disaster. The situation is aggravated by the onset of puberty and the age crisis. Deviations can have dangerous consequences both for others and for the child himself.

Psychologists include the most common deviations of adolescence:

• uncontrolled aggression and even cruelty;
• uncontrollability;
• dromomania - regular running away and leaving home without warning when the teenager does not come to spend the night;
• pyromania - tendency to set fires;
• too impulsive reactions to what is happening;
• anorexia, bulimia and other eating disorders;
• infantilism - actions, actions and whims of a small child that are abnormal for a teenager;
• hyperdynamia - excessive motor disinhibition, pathological restlessness;
• initiation into the use of prohibited substances.

Often teenagers prone to deviation become participants in extremist groups and informal communities. The involvement of such minors in criminal activity is especially dangerous. The consequences can be the most undesirable: from imprisonment to suicide and drug addiction.

As statistics show, deviant teenagers, in the absence of the necessary help and support from others, are characterized by inappropriate reactions even after growing up. Therefore, it is at this age that correction and prevention are so important.

Scandinavian detective: encyclopedia of the dark side of the world

Incredible cruelty and blood

The Scandinavian atmosphere is all about hygge, clean IKEA interiors, wool sweaters, candles and baked goods. All Scandinavian countries hardly leave the first positions in the list of countries with the highest happiness index. Writers from the North express the dark side and underbelly of this prosperity in detective stories. If someone is sophisticatedly cut into pieces with a detailed naturalistic description of the entire accompanying nightmare, with a 99.9% probability you are looking at a Scandinavian detective or thriller.

In the work “Punish and Let Die,” the Swede Mats Ohlsson immediately plays trump cards. A dead, tortured woman, a scandal with a famous singer, BDSM, detailed descriptions of flogging and torture. A maniac and severed limbs are also present, but the investigation is led not by a police officer, but by a journalist. However, journalists must also be able to dig up the necessary information, and Harri Svensson is not at all afraid of blood and calmly chews Swedish delicacies every five pages. Truly Nordic temperament.

Troubled protagonist

The main character of the northern detective often suffers from family and personal problems, illnesses, and social instability. There may be a misleading impression that every second person in Scandinavia is a social phobe, marginalized, alcoholic or simply an antisocial type. And it seems like everyone should have depression. Perhaps it’s not so interesting to read about “lighter” heroes.

A typical character of the genre in the northern part of Europe is Harry Hole. If you want to taste the whole detective Scandinavia in a concentrated volume, then take “The Snowman” by Jo Nesbø : blood, sophisticated maniacs, snow and, of course, the “dark” detective. The main character is such a bad guy that you will be surprised how the police still tolerate him. And this surprise can be carried from the first book about the famous Norwegian cop to the last.

National atmosphere

Scandinavians carefully preserve the northern flavor in detective stories or meticulously study the local one if they are writing a novel about another country. Even in modern settings one can feel the accuracy, attention to detail and unique features of the area and life. And if the detective needs to look at the past, then rest assured: everything will happen with the greatest care.

Almost Normal Family takes place in a small northern town where everyone knows each other. The culture and traditions in such a close-knit community are quite archaic. And the head of that same “almost normal” family is a pastor in a local church. It’s interesting to follow not only the murder and the investigation, but also life in conditions that are unusual for us.

Existing problems

The problem with deviation is that many do not understand its scale. Who among us has not at least once done something that would be condemned by society? Psychologists say that every person has his own “skeletons in the closet,” but they are carefully guarded from prying eyes in order to avoid condemnation. The only question is how dangerous they are.

Someone regularly steals strawberries from a neighbor's summer cottage, or smokes in the entrance, or plays music at full volume after 11 p.m. in an apartment building. And someone beats his wife, steals millions from public accounts, distributes drugs. All these are examples from life, but feel for yourself how different they are in their consequences.

The second problem of society associated with deviants is asymmetrical control over them. We often hear about famous people violating social and moral norms. But they usually go unpunished. Although when a simple person commits the same act, the matter is not limited to just condemnation.

DON'T TRUST THE RESUME. CHECK ANY INFORMATION

Investigators question any information received on the case and check for accuracy.
This rule will come in handy in life. Before making a purchase, transaction, signing a contract or applying for a job, collect data. Remember the old rule of intelligence: information is considered true if confirmed by three independent sources. Social networks and online services will allow you to check a car, apartment or person without actually leaving your home. Tatyana Polyakova, writer, author of works in the “adventurous detective” genre, nominee for the “Russian Detective” award: “I have been writing novels for more than 20 years, and now, of course, the methods of investigators are different. Today you can get information from social networks. We can, if we wish, find out everything about a person. In my novels, the characters use this method.”

Sergei Litvinov, writer, author of action-packed novels, nominee for the Russian Detective award, learned from the experience of his sister that in our time everyone can be checked:

“My sister and co-author Anya once came to a private detective. He posted an advertisement on his website looking for an assistant, and Anya sent him a resume by email. Then they got on the phone, and at the end of the conversation this detective says the following phrase: “Well, okay, Annushka, it’s no more difficult than jumping with a parachute.” How did he know that she was a famous former skydiver? He testified that he “deciphered” it. He realized who was “knocking” on his door, that it was already a famous writer by that time. It turned out that he broke through her email address, which was exposed somewhere, like the mail of the writer Anna Litvinova.”

Trailer of the detective series “Broken Mirror” on the TV channel “Russia 1” The words of the writers were confirmed by private detective Vasily Pavlenko:

“Checking your partner or counterparty will come in handy when you enter into any agreement. It is necessary to collect information whether a partner or colleague is financially capable. When choosing a medical institution, it would also be advisable to check the certificates, employees, and their work experience. When hiring nannies, housekeepers, or drivers, you must collect information about them. Don’t trust resumes, but call past employers and read reviews on the Internet.”

Causes of delinquency

To find out the reasons for antisocial behavior, it is necessary to consider the development of personality from childhood.

Important! It is inappropriate to apply the definition of deviant behavior to children under five years of age.

In a child over 5 years old, internal mental functions begin to form only after external ones have been formed. Observation of adults helps the child to initially assimilate the social model of society. At the first stage of life, these are his parents. By watching them, the baby becomes familiar with the following social achievements:

• higher psychological functions;
• values ​​to be guided by;
• norms and rules of conduct.

Parents must teach their child the mechanisms of identification and separation that regulate human behavior.

For your information. Identification is identifying oneself with other people, a group, a model that one can look up to. Isolation is the desire to become an individual and stand out from the general plan.

It is not for nothing that the first point of social achievement is higher psychological functions (HPF): perception, thinking, speech and memory. In other words, parents are obliged to help the child transfer and link the model of behavior in society to his internal plan (individual model of behavior).

The reasons that disrupt the course of these internal psychological transformations in childhood include the following points:

• lack of parental care and parents ignoring manifestations of children's affection;
• conflicts between parents in front of their children;
• complete lack of education, leaving the child to his own devices;
• children's permissiveness (spoiledness).

In addition, the cause may be psychological trauma suffered by the child.

Spoiled child
Biological

Hereditary, genetically determined tendency to deviant behavior, manifested from a young age. Such problem children can be seen even in kindergarten. At school, deviations worsen and provoke the development of mental personality disorders.

Psychological

Sometimes a person from birth has a rebellious character that makes him go against the system. External factors and stimuli are also causes of deviation. The maladaptive development of the psyche due to certain character traits (aggressiveness, low self-esteem, helplessness) may be to blame.

Sociological

The socially determined causes of deviant behavior are well described and explained by the theory of anomie, created by the French sociologist and philosopher David Durkheim. According to his definition, anomie is the decomposition of established social values ​​and norms due to inconsistency with new ideals. This is a kind of vacuum that provokes people to deviate. It is always accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of alcoholics, drug addicts, suicides, and criminals.

Theories

Based on the leading causes of deviations from social norms, various theories of deviant behavior have been created.

The bottom line: deviant actions are a consequence of innate inclinations. Such people cannot restrain their base needs and do everything to satisfy them, regardless of the rules and even the fear of punishment.

Lombroso

The theory of the innate criminal of the Italian psychiatrist, teacher and psychologist Cesare Lombroso is biological. Based on the results of many years of work in prisons, the scientist concluded that the deviant actions of 1/3 of all criminals are due to qualities inherent in nature itself. They all differ in a set of the same characteristics:

• stubborn in their malice and ferocity;
• underdeveloped;
• unable to curb their instincts;
• not amenable to correction;
• having a specific appearance: a disordered jaw, a flat nose pressed into the face, a sparse beard, long arms.

Lombroso compared them to monkeys. But the British doctor Charles Goring criticized his theory and substantiated its inconsistency.

Sheldon

The constitutional theory of temperament of the American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon also belongs to the biological ones. In his opinion, a person’s actions can be predicted by his body type:

• endomorphs (moderately overweight) are sociable and know how to get along with others;
• mesomorphs (strength and slimness) are restless, active, insensitive to pain and most prone to deviant behavior;
• ectomorphs (fragile body) are prone to introspection, have increased sensitivity and nervousness.

However, Sheldon's theory doesn't always work. Among criminals and other persons with deviant behavior there are people with different body types.

Another biological theory based on the influence of gender and age characteristics. Author: Walter Gove. Conclusions from the research:

• Most often, deviant actions are observed among young people, the peak occurs at 18-24 years old;
• in second place are teenagers 13-17 years old;
• on the third - 25-30 years;
• and only then comes the age after 30 years, when crimes are committed either in a state of passion or as a result of serious mental disorders.

There is also scattered evidence from individual studies suggesting that the tendency to deviate may be due to genetics:

• twins with the same number of chromosomes in 50% of cases commit the same violations of norms separately from each other, without agreement;
• Adopted children with their deviations are similar to biological, not adoptive parents;
• men with an additional chromosome Y are characterized by severe psychopathic behavior, low intelligence and increased deviation.

Most psychologists do not accept biological theories. The only thing they agree on is that the type of nervous system can play a certain role in deviant behavior, but it is far from decisive.

The bottom line: society itself provokes a person to violate its own rules.

Durkheim

Durkheim's famous theory of anomie. In his opinion, during crises, wars, revolutions, coups, changes in power and other social changes, people are in a state of confusion and disorganization and lose their bearings. This makes them behave inappropriately.

Merton

The theory of personality adaptation to the surrounding conditions of the American sociologist Robert Merton expands on Durkheim's anomie. According to it, deviation is influenced not only by social crises, but, first of all, by a person’s reaction to them. This classification is presented below.

Becker

One of the most famous social psychological theories is the theory of labels or stigma. The author is American economist Gary Stanley Becker. He described the process of labeling by the powerful sections of society - the lower ones. Traditionally, gypsies, homeless people, drug addicts, and alcoholics are classified as deviants. But this is unfair, because among them there may be people who adhere to general rules and do not break the law. However, the label of an antisocial, dysfunctional layer of society makes them ultimately behave like deviants.

The bottom line: the main causes of deviant behavior lie in the psyche.

Existential-humanistic

Representatives of this theory believed that the main reason for deviant behavior is the individual’s disappointment in himself. Each of them focuses on certain aspects of this process.

Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist Viktor Frankl considered the suppression of spirituality and loss of meaning in life as a provoking factor.

According to the American psychologist, author of client-centered psychotherapy Carl Rogers, a person’s distorted ideas about himself, low self-esteem, and a tendency to self-deprecation are to blame.

American psychologist, founder of humanistic psychology Abraham Maslow called the frustration of basic needs the main reasons.

Psychodynamic

It is based on Freud's psychoanalysis. The main source of deviant behavior is the conflict between the unconscious and the conscious. Moreover, the former are based on sexual desires. True, neo-Freudians no longer focus on it and give priority to the lack of emotional contact, most often the lack of close communication with the mother.

Behavioral

Classical behaviorism considers deviant actions as a result of the influence of the environment on the individual. In their opinion, if a child is initially punished severely enough for misdeeds, in the future fear will stop him from committing them. Behaviorists pay much attention to methods for correcting deviations, which include negative reinforcement, emotional-negative conditioning and operant response extinction.

Cognitive

According to the theory of American psychotherapist, professor of psychiatry and creator of cognitive psychotherapy Aaron Beck and American psychologist, cognitive therapist, author of rational-emotive behavior therapy Albert Ellis, the causes of deviant behavior are in maladaptive thought patterns that trigger inappropriate feelings and actions.

Lifehacks from professional detectives and crime writers

If a person cannot tell you his story from end to beginning, he is probably lying: the Russian Detective TV channel found out the professional techniques of modern detectives and, together with the most famous Russian authors of action-packed novels and private detectives, compiled a list of six methods that will be useful in real life .

6 secret detective tricks that will come in handy in real life

There is perhaps no area where the deductive method would not serve well. With its help, you can draw conclusions about people, determine when a person is lying, develop observation, logical thinking and memory. These abilities will be useful both at work and in your personal life. Sergei Litvinov, author of action-packed novels, nominee for the Russian Detective Award: “In fact, there are a lot of methods you can use. My sister Anna and I co-wrote the novel “A Girl from Our Circle,” where two swindlers meet rich young men. One of the girls secretly took a photograph of them, immediately went to the establishment’s toilet and “checked” their appearance in all sorts of databases. This is now very easy to do. So the girls realized that these were ordinary rich young guys, and not people exposed to law enforcement agencies, from whom they should stay away. You can use this method. Check all your casual acquaintances."

Most of the methods that detectives use in action-packed novels are real techniques from practice, told by real detective masters. Tatyana Polyakova, writer, author of works in the “adventurous detective” genre, nominee for the “Russian Detective” award:

“My son works in the Investigative Committee, he is a lieutenant colonel, and I turn to him for advice. In a detective story, authenticity is important, so when working on novels, writers often consult with professionals.”

Tatyana Ustinova, prose writer, author of detective novels, screenwriter, translator, TV presenter, nominee for the Russian Detective Award, also attracts specialists in her work. According to her, for her “the highest praise is when, after reading a novel, professionals say that it looks like the truth.” Trailer for the film “Knives Out,” in which the case is unraveled thanks to the smart main character. But it happens that intelligence agencies also use the work of writers. Danil Koretsky, writer, Doctor of Law, retired police colonel, member of the jury of the Russian Detective award, shared similar experience from practice: “An officer came up to me and said that they used operational combinations in the special operation that I described in Antikiller.” . And when they were preparing it (the special operation), they were afraid that the person involved would recognize this situation if he had read the book. In the end, the operation went well." Russian popular authors, nominees for the first professional award “Russian Detective”, which will be awarded in the fall of 2020, and practicing private investigators have compiled a list of six basic detective techniques that can be used in our everyday lives.

Types of antisocial behavior

The lack of ability to socially adapt is expressed in the use of illegal means to achieve goals. For example, in order to achieve a good social position, power, wealth, without being able to achieve this by legal means, a person transgresses morality and the law.

The lack of desire to live according to social norms is expressed in open protest, demonstrative disobedience: this is extremism, terrorism and other forms of rejection of social values.

From this point of view, it is possible to distinguish several types of violations as a result of antisocial behavior:

• immoral;
• addictive;
• illegal;
• criminal.

Vagrancy, prostitution, promiscuity, belonging to sexual minorities are signs of an immoral human lifestyle. Addictions that result in a member of society withdrawing from reality (drug addiction, alcoholism, gambling addiction, etc.) are directly related to addictive behavior.

Manifestation of antisocial behavior

Manifestations

The main signs of deviant behavior that are used in pedagogy and psychology for diagnosis:

• non-compliance with generally accepted social norms;
• their violation;
• negative assessment from others, sanctions applied;
• causing real harm to others and oneself;
• sustainability - repeated or prolonged repetition of the same actions directed against the norms of society;
• the general orientation of the personality itself is destructive;
• social maladjustment.

In life, the manifestation of deviant behavior is not limited to this set of signs. It is too multifaceted to outline a circle of all its forms. In different situations this may include:

• aggressiveness;
• uncontrollability;
• secrecy;
• tendency to cruelty, lack of feeling of pity;
• sudden change of mood;
• desire for informal groups;
• deliberate non-compliance with the rules and restrictions in force in a given society at a given time;
• violation of laws.

You need to understand that these signs are not always on the surface. Sometimes outwardly a person does not reveal anything about himself as a deviant. He may have many friends, be successful in his studies or career, be well-behaved and quiet. But, going beyond the familiar environment, he can do terrible things (torture animals, attend meetings of extremist groups, and even hatch a murder plan).

Psychologists also focus on the fact that deviant behavior does not include eccentricity, which is characterized by oddities and eccentricities. It is based on a sense of heightened individuality, but almost never harms either others or the wearer. Therefore, it is not considered a deviation.

IF A PERSON CANNOT REPEAT HISTORY FROM THE END, THEY ARE MOST LIKELY LYING

Detectives - both literary and real - can almost accurately determine when a person is lying and when he is telling the truth.
This skill can be useful to anyone. To learn to separate truth from lies, you need to pay attention to nonverbal body language. When a person cheats, he involuntarily takes a “closed pose”: he crosses his arms over his chest or touches his face with his hands. Also, his eyes can say a lot about a person. Lying while looking into the eyes is a difficult task, so the person who is lying usually looks away to the side. Sergei Litvinov, writer, author of action-packed novels, nominee for the Russian Detective Award: “Some detectives determine by the slight movement of their eyebrows whether this person is lying or not. Of course, a trained person can recognize the truth by gestures.”

The effectiveness of deductive methods in everyday life is recognized by professional detectives themselves. Alexandra Garusova, vice-president of the International Association of Detectives, profiler, head of a detective agency, explained that the determination of lies is based on many factors. “We need to look at it as a whole. Rapid breathing, trembling in the voice, crossed legs, crossed arms - these can all be signs of deception. I had one interesting case. There had been a major theft at the company, and our client suspected his employees. And when we, together with a polygraph examiner, began to interview everyone, the person we immediately thought of took a chair and put it in the farthest corner of the room, that is, he distanced himself. His head sunk completely into his shoulders, he shrank and closed himself, fidgeting in his chair. Another sign is discomfort. When a person lies, he will fuss, ask for water, say that he is in a hurry, express his dissatisfaction with what is happening and try to quickly get away from the topic. I am often asked how to tell if a husband or wife is lying? When a person lies, he tells the story “smoothly” from beginning to end, very truthfully, in small details. But if a person is asked to tell a story from end to beginning, it will be confusing, confused, the person will stammer, small details will be lost. Because if the situation is real, then you remember it in small details inside and out. And if the situation is fictitious, no one has yet been able to tell it 100 percent accurately in reverse order.” Trailer for the film "Murder on the Orient Express"

Classification

There is no single typology for many reasons. Firstly, the problem of deviant behavior is being actively studied by psychologists, doctors, sociologists, criminologists and many other specialists. For each of them, certain aspects of this phenomenon are important. Therefore, they all use different classifications.

Secondly, there is no single theoretical basis for deviant behavior. Therefore, questions such as:

• Which basic forms of behavior are deviations, and which are reactions dictated by character or personal attitudes?
• What criteria are there to distinguish norm from deviation?
• Does positive deviant behavior exist, or is it only destructive?

Due to the lack of consensus on these issues, experts create many proprietary classifications.

Types of deviation, according to the very first classification (created in 1938) by Merton, are identified in accordance with the methods of adaptation of the individual to the surrounding conditions. A total of 5 types of behavior are described, and only the first is the norm, and the remaining 4 are deviations:

• submissive, conformal - resigned submission to social goals and means of achieving them;
• innovative - recognition of goals, but independent choice of means to achieve them;
• ritual - rejection of both goals and methods, but blind, automatic adherence to some traditions instilled in childhood remains;
• retertiary - complete rejection of all norms that society offers, isolation and existence separate from it;
• rebellious (revolutionary) - an attempt to change society in accordance with one’s own goals and means of achieving them.

You can read more about this classification in Merton's book Social Structure and Anomie (1966).

Korolenko's typology

Russian psychiatrist and psychotherapist Ts. P. Korolenko, in collaboration with T. A. Donskikh, proposed his own classification of deviant behavior.

Non-standard

Violating generally accepted rules, going beyond social stereotypes, but positively influencing the development of society.

Destructive

It can be externally destructive (violation of social rules) and internally destructive (destruction of one’s own personality). Externally destructive behavior, in turn, is represented by addictive behavior (escape from reality with the help of drugs, adrenaline, and other methods) and antisocial behavior (consciously committed crimes).

Intradestructive is also represented by different types:

• suicide;
• narcissism;
• conformism;
• fanaticism;
• autism.

This classification is presented in more detail in the book by Korolenko and Donsky “Seven Paths to Disaster: Destructive Behavior in the Modern World” (1990).

Mendelevich

The classification of the Russian psychiatrist, psychotherapist and narcologist, clinical psychologist Vladimir Davydovich Mendelevich is based on ways of interacting with reality. He identifies the following types of deviant behavior:

• delinquent;
• addictive;
• pathocharacterological;
• psychopathological;
• hyperpowers.

Their description can be found in Mendelevich’s textbook “Psychology of Deviant Behavior” (2005). There you can find the answer to the common question of how deviant behavior differs from delinquent behavior. The latter is one of the manifestations of the former. Deviation is a more general concept that includes all of the above types. Deliquence is an illegal act, most often punishable by criminal law and causing harm to others. Addiction is an escape from reality.

Zmanovskaya

Psychologist-psychanalyst, Doctor of Psychological Sciences Elena Valerievna Zmanovskaya suggests the following consequences as a criterion for classifying deviant behavior:

• antisocial (delinquent) - crimes (dangerous to the lives of other members of society, criminal punishment for the carrier);
• asocial (immoral) - aggression, games for money, theft (uncomfortable living conditions for other members of society, fine, isolation for the wearer);
• autodestructive (self-destructive) - suicide, addiction, fanaticism, victimization (danger to the carrier himself).

The classification is described in detail in the textbook for universities “Deviantology: Psychology of Deviant Behavior” (author - Zmanovskaya).

General classification

In modern psychology, it is customary to distinguish between positive and negative deviant behavior. Although many experts reject the fact that it can be positive.

Negative forms of deviation are dangerous both for members of society and for the carrier himself:

• criminality;
• alcoholism;
• addiction;
• theft;
• prostitution;
• gambling addiction;
• vagrancy;
• terrorism;
• extremism;
• vandalism;
• suicide.

Positive forms of deviation bring benefits to society, but significant or minor deviations from generally accepted norms may be observed:

• self-sacrifice;
• heroism;
• workaholism;
• heightened feelings of justice or pity;
• genius, talent.

Many experts do not believe that forms of deviation can be positive. Although they benefit society, they harm the wearer himself, so they cannot be classified as positive.

Professor, Doctor of Pedagogical and Psychological Sciences Yuri Aleksandrovich Kleiberg adds another type of deviant behavior to the generally accepted classification - socially neutral (begging).

Why is it worth reading detective stories from different countries?

This genre is not just an exercise for the mind. When we read detective stories, we get something more.

Firstly, we can broaden our horizons and travel to the places the author writes about. It may seem that detectives have no cognitive function at all, but this is not so. We learn a little more about the culture of other peoples, nature, about a society unfamiliar to us, its fears and strengths.

Secondly, detectives in each country are as different from each other as readers. If you didn't initially like the genre, the author's "geography" may not be for you. I don’t like the gloominess of France; maybe I’ll be impressed by the “transparency” of England. If you don’t like the classic British investigations, you can always take on twisted American novels.

Finally, the differences in detective stories allow us to experience the literary process in its dynamics. We can see exactly how and where literature is moving, even within the same genre. In detective stories, plots and riddles strive for complexity, while changes in global features occur simply and noticeably.

Mechanisms and strategies for control and prevention

The primary mechanisms of control over deviant and delinquent behavior are considered to be the actions of the school. The school has the following capabilities:

• free access to teenagers' families, cooperation with parents;
• instilling healthy lifestyle skills in schoolchildren;
• impact on the degree of self-esteem of the student and his aspirations;
• organization of leisure activities for schoolchildren and assistance in finding employment during the summer holidays.

The school has the opportunity to attract specialists to prevent delinquency and crime.

Scheme for the prevention of delinquent behavior

Deviations of human behavior in society are deeply rooted in childhood. That is why raising the younger generation requires special attention. “Healthy individuals form a healthy society!” - this slogan should be the basis of all educational work of the younger generation.

In many ways, prevention methods will depend on age. For example, for younger schoolchildren, conversations with the school psychologist, teachers and parents will be sufficient. In adolescence, this will no longer be enough - more serious measures will be required. It is important to instill in children moral values, rules of behavior in society, respect and observance of laws, and socialization skills. Such preventive work must be carried out constantly.

The goal is to create favorable conditions for the formation of knowledge and skills about social norms through the instillation of attitudes and skills of correct and responsible behavior.

Tasks:

• generalize knowledge about good and bad habits;
• maintain positive self-esteem;
• teach you to take responsibility for your own behavior and possible violations;
• develop adequate, effective skills of proper communication;
• develop the ability to provide assistance in difficult times;
• instill the rules of sanitary and hygienic culture;
• to form communicative, social and personal competences;
• develop the emotional sphere.

Age: teenagers 10-17 years old.

Implementation timeframe: 1 time per week for one academic semester (18 weeks).

I block of lessons

II block of classes

III block of classes

IV block of classes

Diagnostics

If there are suspicions that a child is increasingly showing himself as deviant, he needs to be shown to a psychologist. He carries out primary diagnostics using questionnaires and tests. The most common of them:

• method of express diagnostics of intellectual abilities;
• methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation (Rogers and Diamond);
• for younger schoolchildren - projective techniques;
• technique for identifying frustration (Rosenzweig);
• method for determining the level of school anxiety (Phillips);
• Manipulative Attitude Scale (Banta);
• aggressiveness test (Bassa-Darki)
• Internet addiction test (Nikitina, Egorov)
• Schulte tables;
• Luscher technique;
• Wechsler scale;
• test for self-assessment of mental states (Eysenck);
• Stott sighting map.

There are a huge number of diagnostic methods. Experts select them in accordance with each specific situation.