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What vascular diseases of the brain can be distinguished? What are the reasons for their appearance, the clinical picture and the necessary conservative or surgical treatment? Vascular diseases of the brain are a common problem that affects not only the elderly, but also the younger generation. Vascular diseases Vascular diseases They are characterized by a high risk of death, as evidenced by statistics in the form of 14% of the total number of deaths. If we compare a stroke with a myocardial infarction, then the first pathology takes the lives of citizens 2-3 times more often and this circumstance is very frightening. Modern medicine associates this state of affairs with the current lifestyle, where physical inactivity, poor nutrition, alcohol abuse and smoking, as well as other aggravating factors, predominate. Vascular anatomy and classification of diseases Cerebral blood supply occurs through 4 main arteries - two vertebral and two carotid, united by anastomoses of the arterial circle. The incoming blood from the carotid arteries nourishes the cerebral hemispheres, while the vertebrates support the posterior parts of the brain. Within the circulation, posterior, middle and anterior paired arteries are created, extending from the arterial circle and supplying small areas. The blood supply is also supplemented by a branched network of capillaries with radial arteries. The outflow of blood occurs through the venous vessels through the anastomosing venous system. We see that each vascular element has its own purpose and function, and therefore any pathological changes can lead to various diseases with characteristic clinical severity. Anatomy of blood vessels Anatomy of blood vessels The classification of vascular diseases of the brain is based on the following principle: TypeCharacteristics Pathological conditions and diseases leading to impaired cerebral circulation hypertension; hypotension; atherosclerosis; combination of atherosclerosis with hypertension; vegetative dystonia; pathologies in cardiovascular activity; vasculitis; toxic damage to cerebral vessels; compression of veins and arteries by bone and tumor-like neoplasms; diseases of the endocrine system (thyrotoxicosis, diabetes mellitus); traumatic injury; blood diseases and blood clotting disorders. By the nature of the cerebrovascular accident Transient disorders: transient ischemic attacks (TIA); hypertensive cerebral crises. Strokes: cerebral ischemic stroke; spinal ischemic stroke; cerebral hemorrhages; cerebral hemorrhages; acute hypertensive encephalopathy; minor stroke (with recoverable neurological status); consequences of a previous stroke. Progressive chronic cerebrovascular accidents: discirculatory myelopathy; encephalopathy. According to the localization of the pathological focus of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, subcortical white matter, white matter); cerebellum; brain stem (medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons); spinal cord. According to the location and nature of changes in the vessel, thrombosis; stenosis; kinks; tortuosity; narrowing of the lumen; aneurysms. According to the nature of the clinical manifestations, motor disorders (paresis, paralysis, hyperkinesis, extrapyramidal disorders); sensory disorders (hemianesthesia, hemihypesthesia); disorders of higher brain functions (apraxia, aphasia, acalculia, alexia, etc.); epileptic seizures; mental disorders, etc. Classification of vascular diseases of the brain Attention: all pathological conditions are united under the general name “cerebrovascular disease of the cerebral vessels.” This syndrome is caused by impaired cerebral circulation against the background of functional or organic damage to the cerebral vessels. Photos of pathological lesions Photos of pathological lesions General causes and symptoms All vascular diseases of the neck and head are associated with a certain etiological factor. However, it is possible to identify common causes of pathology that are most often found in medical practice: improper lifestyle; insufficiency of cardiovascular activity; unhealthy diet; hereditary predisposition; low physical activity; presence of bad habits; congenital circulatory disorders; traumatic brain injuries; oncological diseases, etc. The first signs of cerebral vascular diseases are usually ignored, because they are insignificant and the patient attributes them to ordinary fatigue, overexertion, stress, chronic lack of sleep, etc. However, you should be alert to the deteriorating health that may manifest itself in the following general symptoms: dizziness; local headaches; irritability; sleep problems; short-term loss of consciousness; ringing in the ears and spots before the eyes; weakening of memory and concentration; poor coordination of movements; high blood pressure; weakness; numbness of the limbs. Attention: in the later stages, the clinical picture may be supplemented by a false urge to urinate, a shuffling gait, deterioration in coordination of movement and mental abilities. These conditions indicate serious disturbances in brain function. There are many vascular pathologies, but we will consider the most common diseases of the cerebral vessels. Symptoms of vascular diseases Symptoms of vascular diseases Atherosclerosis With this disease, cholesterol plaques form on the walls of the arteries, which over time increasingly increase in size, thereby reducing the lumen of the vessel. Ultimately, this leads to disruption of blood supply and oxygen starvation of the tissues supplied by the atherosclerotic artery. Symptoms do not appear immediately and this is the most common reason for a patient to see a doctor late, when blood clots have formed, necrosis of parts of the brain has begun, cysts or scars have appeared and brain activity has been disrupted. The disease can be suspected based on a number of signs: anxiety; headache; decreased concentration; depression; frequent fainting; noise in ears; irritability; sleep disturbance; decreased mental and physical performance. Atherosclerosis often occurs against the background of elevated cholesterol levels in the blood in combination with arterial hypertension and other chronic pathologies. Doctors pay great attention to preventing the onset of the disease. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Hypertension Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure. In this regard, the walls of blood vessels may become denser in some places, lose elasticity and become permeable. In the future, this leads to an increase in the load on the vascular walls and a narrowing of its lumen, all of which can lead to various vascular diseases of the brain and possible serious consequences. Hypertension Hypertension Aneurysm An aneurysm is a protrusion of the vascular wall due to its stretching and loss of elasticity. This is one of the most serious and dangerous conditions, because at any moment a vessel rupture and hemorrhage into the medulla or subarachnoid region can occur. For a long time, the aneurysm does not manifest itself in any way. This can happen right up to the moment of rupture. The main cause of the disease is a congenital defect of the arterial wall (less commonly, the venous wall). Signs of cerebrovascular disease do not appear immediately and increase gradually: speech and hearing impairment; photophobia, noise irritation; headache; vomiting and nausea; paresis; weakness; numbness or tingling in any area of ​​the body; flickering “flies” before the eyes, blurred vision, strabismus, ptosis. Attention: as a rule, if a vascular wall ruptures, it is not possible to save the patient, so we ask you to pay close attention to the existing symptoms and immediately contact a specialist for diagnosis. Ischemia With cerebral ischemia, there is a decrease or complete cessation of blood supply in a certain area, caused by narrowing of the vessel or complete blocking of the lumen by a thrombus or atherosclerotic plaque. There are two forms of the disease: acute; chronic. In its acute form, vascular disease of the head develops according to the principle of a transient ischemic attack, a microstroke, or an attack of acute cerebrovascular accident. In the chronic form, symptoms appear gradually. With prolonged oxygen starvation, extensive lesions appear that are difficult to treat. With this disease, the main symptoms manifest themselves as follows: general weakness and fatigue; decreased performance and drowsiness; headache and dizziness; nausea and vomiting; frequent shallow breathing; numbness of the limbs; nervous overexcitation; sudden mood swings; amnesia; loss of consciousness; decrease or increase in blood pressure. As the pathological focus worsens and grows, the symptoms only intensify and progress in stages. In this regard, experts distinguish 3 degrees of development of the disease. Cerebral ischemia Cerebral ischemia Stroke This is a dangerous disease that can lead to disability and even death. The condition is characterized by acute circulatory disorders in the meninges. There are two types of stroke: Ischemic. The lumen of the vessel is blocked by a thrombus or atherosclerotic plaque and, as a consequence, the blood supply to this area is stopped. Hemorrhagic. In this case, a blood vessel ruptures and a cerebral hemorrhage occurs. It occurs less frequently, but is considered the most dangerous. Most often it affects people suffering from arterial hypertension or atherosclerosis. Causes also include inflammation of the vessel, intoxication, and blood diseases. The clinical picture includes focal and cerebral manifestations. The latter include the following signs: increased excitability or, conversely, drowsiness; feeling dazed; disorientation in space; dry mouth; dizziness; severe headache accompanied by nausea and vomiting; short-term loss of consciousness; sweating; cardiopalmus. Focal symptoms depend on the location of the lesion. If at least one warning sign appears, you should immediately call an ambulance. In a medical facility, a doctor will examine and provide the necessary assistance that can save a person’s life. Stroke Stroke Malformation This is a congenital pathology caused by pathological conditions in certain areas of the vascular system. This is due to a violation of the anatomical structure of the circulatory system. The most common causes are genetic predisposition or trauma during pregnancy. Clinical severity will be associated with hypoxia of brain tissue, disruption of its nutrition and compression. The more severe the symptoms, the more deviations from the norm there are. Treatment is carried out surgically and consists of eliminating the pathological area (see Vascular malformation of the brain: causes, symptoms and treatment options). Malforation Malforation Intracranial hypertension Increased intracranial pressure may indicate the presence of a serious disease associated with a rapidly growing tumor or hematoma. The main clinical manifestation is considered to be the appearance of the following symptoms: cyanosis of the facial skin; sensitivity to weather changes; vomiting and nausea in the morning; headaches, most often occurring at night and in the morning; increased blood pressure; distinct vascular network. Before starting treatment, medical instructions require mandatory identification of the cause of intracranial hypertension and its mandatory elimination. In severe cases, surgery may be prescribed. Intracranial hypertension Intracranial hypertension Discirculatory encephalopathy Discirculatory encephalopathy (DEP) is the first stage of chronic cerebral circulatory failure, which is very common among cerebrovascular diseases. It is characterized by small focal lesions due to the small volume of blood supply. In the future, this can cause atrophy or hypoxia of the brain matter, as well as micro-strokes. The development of DEP is associated with vascular disorders in the brain. There are the following forms of pathology: venous; atherosclerotic; mixed. There are also degrees of pathological impairment depending on the assessment of neurological status. Degree Symptoms First decrease in memory and attention; decreased performance; rapid fatigue; difficulty switching from one event to another; dull headaches; sleep disturbance; periodic dizziness. Second, personal changes appear (irritability, resentment, selfishness, decreased range of interests, abstraction from the outside world); a decrease in the ability of associative thinking, as well as an even greater deterioration in memory and attention; dreams are short, intermittent; dizziness and headaches; vestibulo-cerebellar disorder; decreased ability to work and social adaptation. The third is a worsening of existing symptoms, plus the addition of new ones: incontinence of urination and defecation; complete suppression of personality and will; serious memory and thinking disorders; severe headaches and frequent dizziness. If the disease is not treated, irreversible processes may develop. When primary signs appear, drug support is prescribed in accordance with the somatic status. Here, the effective use of vasoactive agents, anti-sclerotic drugs, antiplatelet agents, tranquilizers, neuroprotectors, etc. The price of drugs may vary, so be sure to check it with the pharmacist. Vascular stenosis Vascular stenosis is associated with a narrowing of the blood walls as a result of their intense contraction. With such a spasm, the following symptoms may occur: nausea and vomiting; dizziness; Strong headache. Migraine is a common manifestation of stenosis. It is characterized by paroxysmal severe headaches that can last from half an hour to several days. It cannot be relieved with conventional painkillers and therefore requires special treatment. Vasospasm Vasospasm Dementia - consequences This is one of the options when mental disorders occur in vascular diseases of the brain (see Vascular dementia: when the brain asks for help). This pathology leads to disruption of the mental and emotional state, loss of memory and intelligence. It can manifest itself with epileptic seizures, impaired coordination of movements and rapid progression of deterioration in psychophysical condition. Dementia Dementia Basic methods of treatment and prevention Treatment of diseases of the cerebral vessels is always comprehensive, including not only drug support, but also nutritional adjustments, lifestyle changes, getting rid of bad habits, etc. (see How to clean the cerebral vessels with folk remedies means quickly and safely?). Basic therapy is primarily aimed at: normalizing blood circulation; improvement of brain activity; strengthening the walls of blood vessels and increasing their elasticity; blood thinning to prevent blood clots; normalization of fluid excretion; elimination of atherosclerotic plaques (for atherosclerosis). It is also necessary to eliminate the root cause of the disease, since even after the most effective therapy, the disease will return if there are prerequisites for its appearance. Most often, treatment of cerebral vascular diseases is carried out using the following drugs: antioxidants; drugs to improve blood circulation and metabolic processes; vasodilators; statins; fibrates; antiplatelet agents; anti-inflammatory and decongestants; glucocorticoids; anticoagulants; angioprotectors; drugs to lower cholesterol levels; vitamin and mineral complexes. All drugs, therapeutic regimen and dosage are prescribed by the doctor according to individual indicators. Also, in severe and advanced cases, intravascular and intracranial surgical interventions are performed. Treatment of vascular diseases Treatment of vascular diseases Treatment of vascular diseases of the brain must be carried out in combination with preventive measures: adjust nutrition; maintain optimal body weight; do physical education; drink more fluids; spend more time in the fresh air; avoid stressful stimuli; timely replenish the deficiency of vitamins and minerals; sleep at least 8 hours a day; optimize work and rest schedules; carry out preventive examinations with a doctor. Diseases of the brain and cerebral vessels can be diagnosed early, thereby preventing serious complications. The main thing is to pay attention to changing well-being, carry out prevention and follow the doctor’s recommendations (see also Brain Vessels: How to Strengthen a “Vulnerable Area” and Prevent Possible Complications).
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